| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Gosiute Drug, Poison Seeds had poisonous effects. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364 |
| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Gosiute Drug, Unspecified Root used as medicine. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364 |
| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Gosiute Food, Cooking Agent Seeds and other seeds made into a meal and used as 'baking powder' to improve the cakes. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 364 |
| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Keres, Western Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Dried, ground leaves mixed with water and used as a salve. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33 |
| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Keres, Western Drug, Carminative Infusion of plant taken for flatulency. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33 |
| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Keres, Western Drug, Dietary Aid Infusion of plant taken for overeating. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33 |
| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Keres, Western Drug, Liver Aid Infusion of plant used as a liver medicine. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33 |
| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Keres, Western Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Tied bunches of plants used as rough brooms. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33 |
| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Plant and other plants used as a ceremonial liniment for the Female Shooting Life Chant. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 83 |
| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Analgesic Cold infusion of dried leaves taken for headache. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49 |
| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49 |
| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Emetic Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49 |
| Brickellia grandiflora (Hook.) Nutt. Tasselflower Brickellbush USDA BRGR |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Cold infusion of dried leaves taken for influenza. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 49 |
| Butomus umbellatus L. Flowering Rush USDA BUUM |
Iroquois Drug, Veterinary Aid Decoction of whole plant and bark from another plant added to cow and horse feed for worms. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 66 |
| Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & Gray) Gray Purple Poppymallow USDA CAINI4 |
Kiowa Other, Decorations Flowers, because of their beauty, have an esthetic appeal. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 42 |
| Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & Gray) Gray Purple Poppymallow USDA CAINI4 |
Kiowa Other, Decorations Flowers, because of their beauty, have an esthetic appeal. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 42 |
| Calochortus aureus S. Wats. Golden Mariposa Lily USDA CAAU8 |
Hopi Food, Unspecified Bulbs and flowers eaten. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 159 |
| Calochortus aureus S. Wats. Golden Mariposa Lily USDA CAAU8 |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Ceremonially used as the Yellow Flower associated with the northwest direction. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70 |
| Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl. Sagebrush Mariposa Lily USDA CAMAM9 |
Okanagon Food, Unspecified Sweet flower buds used for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37 |
| Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl. Sagebrush Mariposa Lily USDA CAMAM9 |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Sweet flower buds used for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 37 |
| Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl. Sagebrush Mariposa Lily USDA CAMAM9 |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Unopened flowers eaten raw. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 483 |
| Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray Sego Lily USDA CANU3 |
Hopi Food, Unspecified Seeds and flowers ground to make yellow pollen. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 295 |
| Calochortus nuttallii Torr. & Gray Sego Lily USDA CANU3 |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Yellow flower used ceremonially. In the spring, the flower is collected in quantity together with larkspur. Boys holding handfuls of these two plants above their heads are chased by the girls upon certain occasions. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 295 |
| Caltha palustris var. palustris Yellow Marshmarigold USDA CAPAP6 |
Eskimo, Alaska Food, Unspecified Leaves and stalks boiled and eaten with seal oil. The leaves and stalks were collected before the plants flowered because after flowering commenced, the plant was apparently inedible. But, boiling the plant broke down the poisonous protoanemonin that it contained, rendering it edible. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35 |
| Calypso bulbosa (L.) Oakes Fairyslipper Orchid USDA CABUA |
Thompson Drug, Anticonvulsive Bulbs chewed or flowers sucked for mild epilepsy. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 135 |
| Campanula aparinoides Pursh Marsh Bellflower USDA CAAP2 |
Iroquois Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of stems taken by young women to induce childbirth. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 451 |
| Campanula divaricata Michx. Small Bonny Bellflower USDA CADI3 |
Cherokee Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of root taken for diarrhea. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 37 |
| Campanula parryi Gray Parry's Bellflower USDA CAPAP2 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Gynecological Aid Plant taken by pregnant woman when female baby was desired. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 44 |
| Campanula parryi Gray Parry's Bellflower USDA CAPAP2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Dermatological Aid Dry plant used as a dusting powder for sores. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47 |
| Campanula parryi Gray Parry's Bellflower USDA CAPAP2 |
Zuni Drug, Dermatological Aid Blossoms chewed and saliva applied to skin as a depilatory. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 44 |
| Campanula parryi Gray Parry's Bellflower USDA CAPAP2 |
Zuni Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed root applied to bruises. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 44 |
| Campanula rotundifolia L. Bluebell Bellflower USDA CARO2 |
Chippewa Drug, Ear Medicine Infusion of root used as drops for sore ear. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362 |
| Campanula rotundifolia L. Bluebell Bellflower USDA CARO2 |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Heart Medicine Root chewed for heart ailments. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 34 |
| Campanula rotundifolia L. Bluebell Bellflower USDA CARO2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Analgesic Plant used as ceremonial fumigant for head trouble. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47 |
| Campanula rotundifolia L. Bluebell Bellflower USDA CARO2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used as ceremonial fumigant for various ailments. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47 |
| Campanula rotundifolia L. Bluebell Bellflower USDA CARO2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Disinfectant Plant used as ceremonial fumigant for deer infection. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47 |
| Campanula rotundifolia L. Bluebell Bellflower USDA CARO2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Eye Medicine Plant used as ceremonial fumigant for eye. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47 |
| Campanula rotundifolia L. Bluebell Bellflower USDA CARO2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Hunting Medicine Plant rubbed on body for protection while hunting. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47 |
| Campanula rotundifolia L. Bluebell Bellflower USDA CARO2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Plant rubbed on body for protection from witches. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 47 |
| Campanula rotundifolia L. Bluebell Bellflower USDA CARO2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Pulmonary Aid Compound containing root used for lung troubles. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 360 |
| Campanula rotundifolia L. Bluebell Bellflower USDA CARO2 |
Thompson Drug, Eye Medicine Decoction of plant taken or used as a wash for sore eyes. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 196 |
| Campanula uniflora L. Arctic Bellflower USDA CAUN2 |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Pollen used for some of the sacred ceremonies. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 79 |
| Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small American Bellflower USDA CAAM18 |
Iroquois Drug, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of smashed roots taken for whooping cough. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 451 |
| Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small American Bellflower USDA CAAM18 |
Meskwaki Drug, Cough Medicine Leaves used for coughs. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 206 |
| Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small American Bellflower USDA CAAM18 |
Meskwaki Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Leaves used for consumption. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 206 |
| Cardamine californica var. californica Milkmaids USDA CACAC3 |
Yurok Other, Season Indicator First plant to flower in the spring. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 27 |
| Carthamus tinctorius L. Safflower USDA CATI |
Hopi Dye, Yellow Flowers used to color bread yellow for certain dances. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167 |
| Carthamus tinctorius L. Safflower USDA CATI |
Hopi Food, Cooking Agent Flowers used as a yellow coloring for paper bread. Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 20 |
| Carthamus tinctorius L. Safflower USDA CATI |
Hopi Food, Cooking Agent Flowers used to color wafer bread yellow. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 95 |
| Castilleja applegatei ssp. pinetorum (Fern.) Chuang & Heckard Wavyleaf Indian Paintbrush USDA CAAPP4 |
Miwok Food, Beverage Flowers sipped sporadically and as a pastime. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 163 |