| Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. Green Rabbitbrush USDA CHVIA4 |
Navajo Dye, Yellow Flowers boiled with roasted alum and used as a yellow dye for leather, wool and basketry. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 84 |
| Cirsium brevistylum Cronq. Clustered Thistle USDA CIBR2 |
Hesquiat Food, Unspecified Flower heads chewed to get the nectar. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61 |
| Cirsium sp. |
Blackfoot Food, Unspecified Flower head pedicels eaten fresh. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102 |
| Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Bull Thistle USDA CIVU |
Hesquiat Food, Unspecified Flower heads chewed to get the nectar. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 61 |
| Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Bull Thistle USDA CIVU |
Potawatomi Drug, Adjuvant Fresh flower centers chewed to mask unpleasant flavors in medicines. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 51 |
| Claytonia perfoliata ssp. perfoliata Miner's Lettuce USDA CLPEP |
Diegueno Food, Vegetable Young leaves, picked in the spring before the flowers appear, boiled once and eaten as greens. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 17 |
| Claytonia sibirica var. sibirica Siberian Springbeauty USDA CLSIS |
Karok Other, Toys & Games Fresh flowers used by children to play a game. Each of the two players held a stem in his hand and tried to hook his flower around his opponent's flower. When the flowers were engaged, the players pulled and the one whose flower head came off lost. It was done over and over and a score was kept. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383 |
| Clematis bigelovii Torr. Bigelow's Leather Flower USDA CLBI2 |
Keres, Western Other, Decorations Flowers used for bouquets. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 37 |
| Clematis occidentalis var. occidentalis Western Blue Virginsbower USDA CLOCO |
Blackfoot Other, Protection Flowers worn by children in their hair at night to keep ghosts away. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111 |
| Cleome isomeris Greene Bladderpod Spiderflower USDA CLIS |
Diegueno Food, Unspecified Seeds and flowers used as food. Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217 |
| Cleome isomeris Greene Bladderpod Spiderflower USDA CLIS |
Diegueno Food, Unspecified Seeds and flowers used as food. Hinton, Leanne, 1975, Notes on La Huerta Diegueno Ethnobotany, Journal of California Anthropology 2:214-222, page 217 |
| Cleome isomeris Greene Bladderpod Spiderflower USDA CLIS |
Kawaiisu Food, Unspecified Flowers eaten boiled or sun baked. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 35 |
| Cleome lutea Hook. Yellow Spiderflower USDA CLLUL |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used with ceremonial tobacco in some chants. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 25 |
| Cleome lutea Hook. Yellow Spiderflower USDA CLLUL |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used for ant bites. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 25 |
| Cleome multicaulis DC. Slender Spiderflower USDA CLMU |
Navajo Food, Sauce & Relish Leaves used to make a gravy. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51 |
| Cleome multicaulis DC. Slender Spiderflower USDA CLMU |
Navajo Food, Soup Leaves used to make a watery stew. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51 |
| Cleome multicaulis DC. Slender Spiderflower USDA CLMU |
Navajo Food, Special Food Leaves made into tea and taken at a general feast after finishing the masks for the Night Chant. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51 |
| Cleome multicaulis DC. Slender Spiderflower USDA CLMU |
Navajo Food, Vegetable Leaves used for greens. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51 |
| Cleome multicaulis DC. Slender Spiderflower USDA CLMU |
Navajo Other, Tools Stalks used as a drill to start fires. The brittle stalks, about an inch in diameter were used for the drills which were whirled between the palms of the hands and were made to revolve on the edge of a larger stalk into which a notch had been cut. A pinch of sand was sometimes placed under the point of the drill which caused the wood to become a fine powder. This powder then ran down the notch and formed a little pile on the ground. Smoke was produced in less than a minute and in about two minutes tiny sparks dropped onto the pile of dry powder which took fire from them. By carefully feeding the fire with bits of dried bark and grass and with much blowing, a blaze was produced. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51 |
| Cleome serrulata Pursh Rocky Mountain Beeplant USDA CLSE |
Hopi Food, Unspecified Leaves and flowers boiled and used for food. Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 16 |
| Cleome serrulata Pursh Rocky Mountain Beeplant USDA CLSE |
San Felipe Food, Unspecified Flower buds salted and eaten as food. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 24 |
| Collinsia parviflora Lindl. Smallflower Blue Eyed Mary USDA COPA3 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Veterinary Aid Plant used to make a horse run fast. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 42 |
| Collinsia parviflora Lindl. Smallflower Blue Eyed Mary USDA COPA3 |
Ute Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used externally for sore flesh. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1909, Some Plant Names of the Ute Indians, American Anthropologist 11:27-40, page 33 |
| Collinsonia canadensis L. Richweed USDA COCA4 |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Mashed flowers and leaves used as a deodorant. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |
| Collomia grandiflora Dougl. ex Lindl. Largeflower Mountaintrumpet USDA COGR4 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Febrifuge Infusion of roots taken for high fevers. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 111 |
| Collomia grandiflora Dougl. ex Lindl. Largeflower Mountaintrumpet USDA COGR4 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Laxative Infusion of leaves and stalks taken for constipation and to 'clean out your system.' Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 111 |
| Collomia grandiflora Dougl. ex Lindl. Largeflower Mountaintrumpet USDA COGR4 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Laxative Infusion of roots taken as a laxative. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 111 |
| Collomia grandiflora Dougl. ex Lindl. Largeflower Mountaintrumpet USDA COGR4 |
Paiute Other, Containers Leaves used as a protective covering for filled berry containers. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 106 |
| Comandra umbellata (L.) Nutt. Bastard Toadflax USDA COUMU |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Sweetener Flowers sucked by children for the sweet nectar. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 138 |
| Commelina dianthifolia Delile Birdbill Dayflower USDA CODID |
Keres, Western Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of plant used as a strengthener for weakened tuberculosis patients. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38 |
| Commelina dianthifolia Delile Birdbill Dayflower USDA CODID |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Veterinary Aid Cold simple or compound infusion given to livestock as an aphrodisiac. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 19 |
| Commelina erecta var. angustifolia (Michx.) Fern. Whitemouth Dayflower USDA COERA |
Seminole Drug, Other Mucilaginous sap used to soothe irritations. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 303 |
| Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. Sweet Fern USDA COPE80 |
Delaware Drug, Blood Medicine Infusion of plant, mallow root, elder flowers and dwarf elder used as a blood purifier. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35 |
| Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. Sweet Fern USDA COPE80 |
Delaware Drug, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of plant, mallow root, elder flowers and dwarf elder used to remove mucus from the lungs. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35 |
| Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. Sweet Fern USDA COPE80 |
Delaware Drug, Urinary Aid Infusion of plant, mallow root, elder flowers and dwarf elder used for bladder inflammation. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35 |
| Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. Sweet Fern USDA COPE80 |
Delaware Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of plant, mallow root, elder flowers and dwarf elder used for scrofula. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 35 |
| Conyza canadensis var. canadensis Canadian Horseweed USDA COCAC3 |
Zuni Drug, Respiratory Aid Crushed flowers inserted in nostrils to cause sneezing, relieving 'rhinitis.' Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 55 |
| Cordylanthus sp. Sunflower |
Luiseno Drug, Emetic Plant used as an emetic. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229 |
| Cordylanthus sp. Sunflower |
Yavapai Food, Unspecified Parched, ground seeds eaten dry or dampened. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 256 |
| Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev. Tiplant USDA COFR2 |
Hawaiian Drug, Nose Medicine Flowers and other plants pounded and resulting liquid fumes inhaled for nose growths. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 49 |
| Cordyline fruticosa (L.) Chev. Tiplant USDA COFR2 |
Hawaiian Drug, Respiratory Aid Flowers and other plants pounded, resulting liquid mixed with potato or poi and eaten for asthma. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 49 |
| Coreopsis tinctoria var. tinctoria Golden Tickseed USDA COTIT |
Zuni Dye, Red Blossoms used with other flowers as a mahogany red dye for yarn. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 80 |
| Cornus alternifolia L. f. Alternateleaf Dogwood USDA COAL2 |
Cherokee Drug, Diaphoretic Infusion of flower taken 'to sweat off flu.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32 |
| Cornus alternifolia L. f. Alternateleaf Dogwood USDA COAL2 |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of flower taken for colic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32 |
| Cornus alternifolia L. f. Alternateleaf Dogwood USDA COAL2 |
Cherokee Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of flower taken 'to sweat off flu.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32 |
| Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood USDA COFL2 |
Cherokee Drug, Analgesic Bark chewed for headache. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32 |
| Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood USDA COFL2 |
Cherokee Drug, Anthelmintic Compound infusion of bark and root used for childhood diseases like worms and measles. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32 |
| Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood USDA COFL2 |
Cherokee Drug, Anthelmintic Infusion of bark used as a bath and given to children with worms. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 46 |
| Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood USDA COFL2 |
Cherokee Drug, Antidiarrheal Compound infusion taken for diarrhea. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32 |
| Cornus florida L. Flowering Dogwood USDA COFL2 |
Cherokee Drug, Antidote Infusion of beaten bark used for bathing after 'poisons of any kind.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 32 |