| Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose Nineleaf Biscuitroot USDA LOTRT |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Throat Aid Infusion of flowers and upper leaves taken for sore throats. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70 |
| Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose Nineleaf Biscuitroot USDA LOTRT |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Dried Food Flowers and upper leaves dried for future use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70 |
| Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose Nineleaf Biscuitroot USDA LOTRT |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Spice Dried flowers and upper leaves used to flavor meats, stews and salads. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70 |
| Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose Nineleaf Biscuitroot USDA LOTRT |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Substitution Food Flowers and upper leaves sometimes used as a substitute food. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70 |
| Lomatium utriculatum (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Coult. & Rose Common Lomatium USDA LOUT |
Kawaiisu Food, Vegetable Leaves, sometimes with flowers, cooked, fried in grease and salt and eaten. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 38 |
| Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC. Orange Honeysuckle USDA LOCI3 |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Forage Flower nectar sucked by hummingbirds. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 93 |
| Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC. Orange Honeysuckle USDA LOCI3 |
Saanich Food, Candy Flower nectar sucked by children. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79 |
| Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC. Orange Honeysuckle USDA LOCI3 |
Thompson Drug, Anticonvulsive Flowers sucked for epilepsy. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 196 |
| Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC. Orange Honeysuckle USDA LOCI3 |
Thompson Food, Candy Nectar sucked from flowers by children. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 196 |
| Lonicera ciliosa (Pursh) Poir. ex DC. Orange Honeysuckle USDA LOCI3 |
Thompson Food, Forage Flower nectar eaten by bees and humming birds. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 516 |
| Lonicera conjugialis Kellogg Purpleflower Honeysuckle USDA LOCO5 |
Klamath Food, Fruit Fresh berries used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 104 |
| Lonicera interrupta Benth. Chaparral Honeysuckle USDA LOIN4 |
Mendocino Indian Food, Unspecified Nectar sucked out of long, yellow flowers by children. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 388 |
| Lupinus affinis J.G. Agardh Fleshy Lupine USDA LUAF |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65 |
| Lupinus albifrons Benth. ex Lindl. Silver Lupine USDA LUALA2 |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65 |
| Lupinus arboreus Sims Bush Lupine USDA LUAR |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65 |
| Lupinus densiflorus Benth. Whitewhorl Lupine USDA LUDED |
Miwok Food, Unspecified Steamed leaves and flowers eaten with acorn soup. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 159 |
| Lupinus densiflorus Benth. Whitewhorl Lupine USDA LUDED |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65 |
| Lupinus latifolius Lindl. ex J.G. Agardh Broadleaf Lupine USDA LULAL3 |
Miwok Food, Sauce & Relish Steamed, dried leaves and flowers boiled and used as a relish with manzanita cider. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 159 |
| Lupinus latifolius Lindl. ex J.G. Agardh Broadleaf Lupine USDA LULAL3 |
Miwok Food, Winter Use Food Steamed leaves and flowers dried and stored for winter use. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 159 |
| Lupinus luteolus Kellogg Pale Yellow Lupine USDA LULU2 |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65 |
| Lupinus lyallii Gray Dwarf Mountain Lupine USDA LULYL2 |
Navajo Dye, Blue Flowers used to make a blue dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 57 |
| Lupinus nanus ssp. latifolius (Benth. ex Torr.) D. Dunn Sky Lupine USDA LUNAL |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65 |
| Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. Bigleaf Lupine USDA LUARA4 |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65 |
| Lupinus succulentus Dougl. ex K. Koch Hollowleaf Annual Lupine USDA LUSU3 |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65 |
| Lupinus versicolor Lindl. Manycolored Lupine USDA LUVE |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65 |
| Lycium pallidum Miers Pale Wolfberry USDA LYPAP |
Zuni Other, Protection Ground leaves, twigs and flowers given to warriors for protection during war. A pinch of the mixture was given to each warrior. The warriors placed it in their mouths, ejected the mass into their hands and rubbed in on their faces, arms and bodies so that the enemy's arrows could not harm them. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 94 |
| Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray Largeflower Skeletonplant USDA LYGR |
Gosiute Drug, Veterinary Aid Plant used as a horse medicine. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 374 |
| Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray Largeflower Skeletonplant USDA LYGR |
Hopi Drug, Gynecological Aid Leaves chewed to increase mother's milk supply. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 36, 97 |
| Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray Largeflower Skeletonplant USDA LYGR |
Hopi Food, Spice Boiled with a certain kind of mush for flavor. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 168 |
| Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray Largeflower Skeletonplant USDA LYGR |
Hopi Food, Spice Boiled with a certain kind of mush for flavor. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 168 |
| Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray Largeflower Skeletonplant USDA LYGR |
Hopi Food, Unspecified Leaves boiled with meat. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 97 |
| Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray Largeflower Skeletonplant USDA LYGR |
Hopi Food, Unspecified Leaves boiled with meats and eaten. Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 19 |
| Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray Largeflower Skeletonplant USDA LYGR |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant milk applied to sores caused by sunburn. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 48 |
| Lygodesmia grandiflora (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray Largeflower Skeletonplant USDA LYGR |
Navajo, Kayenta Food, Vegetable Used for greens in foods. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 48 |
| Lysichiton americanus Hult‚n & St. John American Skunkcabbage USDA LYAM3 |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Forage Flower stalks sucked by grizzly and black bears. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 35 |
| Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh Whiteflower Machaeranthera USDA MACAL |
Paiute Drug, Throat Aid Poultice of mashed leaves applied to swollen jaw or neck glands. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49 |
| Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh Whiteflower Machaeranthera USDA MACAL |
Shoshoni Drug, Analgesic Decoction of fresh or dried leaves taken for headaches. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49 |
| Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh Whiteflower Machaeranthera USDA MACAL |
Shoshoni Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of whole plant taken as a blood tonic. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49 |
| Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh Whiteflower Machaeranthera USDA MACAL |
Shoshoni Drug, Cathartic Warm infusion of plant tops taken as a physic. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49 |
| Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh Whiteflower Machaeranthera USDA MACAL |
Shoshoni Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of scraped roots used as an eyewash. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49 |
| Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh Whiteflower Machaeranthera USDA MACAL |
Shoshoni Drug, Tonic Decoction of whole plant taken as a blood tonic. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49 |
| Machaeranthera parviflora Gray Smallflower Tansyaster USDA MAPA |
Navajo Drug, Cathartic Plant used as a purgative. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 148 |
| Machaeranthera tanacetifolia (Kunth) Nees Tanseyleaf Aster USDA MATA2 |
Zuni Drug, Unspecified Infusion of flowers taken with other flowers for unspecified illnesses. Camazine, Scott and Robert A. Bye, 1980, A Study Of The Medical Ethnobotany Of The Zuni Indians of New Mexico, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2:365-388, page 375 |
| Mahonia aquifolium (Pursh) Nutt. Hollyleaved Barberry USDA MAAQ2 |
Karok Other, Paint Fruit mixed with salmon glue and pounded larkspur flowers and used to paint arrows and bows. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 383 |
| Malva neglecta Wallr. Common Mallow USDA MANE |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Flowers put in oil and mixed with tallow for use on sores. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 44 |
| Malva parviflora L. Cheeseweed Mallow USDA MAPA5 |
Miwok Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Infusion of leaves, soft stems and flowers used as poultice on swellings. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 171 |
| Malva parviflora L. Cheeseweed Mallow USDA MAPA5 |
Miwok Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of leaves, soft stems and flowers used as poultice on running sores and boils. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 171 |
| Marrubium vulgare L. Horehound USDA MAVU |
Kawaiisu Drug, Cold Remedy Hot or cold infusion of leaves and flowering tops taken for colds. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 40 |
| Marrubium vulgare L. Horehound USDA MAVU |
Kawaiisu Drug, Cough Medicine Hot or cold infusion of leaves and flowering tops taken for coughs. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 40 |
| Marrubium vulgare L. Horehound USDA MAVU |
Mahuna Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of leaves and flowers taken for coughs. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 18 |