| Linum lewisii Pursh Prairie Flax USDA LIPE2 |
Thompson Other, Soap Flowers, leaves and stems soaked in cold water and used by girls at puberty as a head and face wash. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504 |
| Linum puberulum (Engelm.) Heller Plains Flax USDA LIPU4 |
Keres, Western Other, Paint Flowers made into yellow paint. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35 |
| Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon USDA LICA12 |
Omaha Food, Cooking Agent Flowers chewed with gum by children, to color it yellow. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 111 |
| Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon USDA LICA12 |
Ponca Food, Cooking Agent Flowers chewed with gum by children, to color it yellow. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 111 |
| Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex Gray Manyflowered Gromwell USDA LIMU3 |
Gosiute Food, Unspecified Seeds formerly used for food. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 373 |
| Lithospermum multiflorum Torr. ex Gray Manyflowered Gromwell USDA LIMU3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Panacea Root used as a 'life medicine' and considered a 'big medicine.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 41 |
| Lithospermum sp. |
Keres, Western Other, Paint Ground flowers used to make yellow paint. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 52 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Analgesic Compound given for pain and poultice of crushed leaves used for headache. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Anthelmintic Infusion of root taken for worms. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Infusion given for rheumatism. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of leaf taken for colds. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of root used for 'risings' and infusion used for 'sores hard to heal.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Febrifuge Infusion of leaf taken for fever. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of root taken for stomach trouble. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Hemostat Cold infusion 'snuffed' for nosebleed. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Pulmonary Aid Used for croup. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Venereal Aid Used for syphilis. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 28 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Delaware Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of roots used for typhoid. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 34 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of root, considered to be very strong medicine, taken for typhoid. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28, 76 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Adjuvant Plant strengthened all medicines. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 453 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Analgesic Infusion of roots taken or poultice applied for pain. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 452 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Anticonvulsive Compound decoction of plants taken by women for epilepsy. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 452 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Basket Medicine Infusion of stalks and flowers used as wash for baskets, a 'basket medicine.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 453 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of roots used as a wash and poultice applied to chancres and fever sores. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 452 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Febrifuge Plant used as a fever medicine. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 453 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of plants taken for bad stomach caused by consumption. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 453 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction or infusion taken and poultice or wash used for breast troubles. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 452 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Love Medicine Decoction of plants or infusion of roots used as a wash for love medicine. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 453 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Other Compound infusion of plants taken for stricture caused by menstruating women. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 452 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Other Decoction of roots, plants and blossoms taken for cramps. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 452 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Other Infusion of roots taken or washed on injured parts, 'Little Water Medicine.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 453 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Plant used for every ailment. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 453 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Psychological Aid Compound decoction of whole plant taken for sickness caused by grieving. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 452 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Compound decoction of plants taken for bad stomach caused by consumption. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 453 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Iroquois Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Infusion of roots taken or poultice applied for trouble caused by witchcraft. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 452 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Jemez Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in the rain dance. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Meskwaki Drug, Love Medicine Ground roots used in food to end quarrels, a love medicine and anti-divorce remedy. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 273 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Meskwaki Drug, Love Medicine Roots used as a love medicine. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 231 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Meskwaki Other, Ceremonial Items Ceremonial 'tobacco' not smoked, but used to ward off storms and strewn onto graves. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 273 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Pawnee Drug, Love Medicine Compound containing roots and flowers used as a love charm. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 129 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Zuni Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Ingredient of 'schumaakwe cakes' and used externally for rheumatism. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 56 |
| Lobelia cardinalis L. Cardinalflower USDA LOCA2 |
Zuni Drug, Dermatological Aid Ingredient of 'schumaakwe cakes' and used externally for swelling. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 56 |
| Lomatium ambiguum (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose Wyeth Biscuitroot USDA LOAM |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of flowers and upper leaves taken for colds and sore throats. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70 |
| Lomatium ambiguum (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose Wyeth Biscuitroot USDA LOAM |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Throat Aid Infusion of flowers and upper leaves taken for sore throats. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70 |
| Lomatium ambiguum (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose Wyeth Biscuitroot USDA LOAM |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Dried Food Flowers and upper leaves dried for future use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70 |
| Lomatium ambiguum (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose Wyeth Biscuitroot USDA LOAM |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Spice Dried flowers and upper leaves used to flavor meats, stews and salads. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70 |
| Lomatium ambiguum (Nutt.) Coult. & Rose Wyeth Biscuitroot USDA LOAM |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Substitution Food Flowers and upper leaves sometimes used as a substitute food. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70 |
| Lomatium nudicaule (Pursh) Coult. & Rose Barestem Biscuitroot USDA LONU2 |
Thompson Food, Beverage Flowers, leaves and stems dried, brought to a boil and used as a drink. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 494 |
| Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose Nineleaf Biscuitroot USDA LOTRT |
Blackfoot Food, Unspecified Flowers used to make pemmican. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 103 |
| Lomatium triternatum (Pursh) Coult. & Rose Nineleaf Biscuitroot USDA LOTRT |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of flowers and upper leaves taken for colds. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 70 |