| Frangula rubra ssp. rubra Red Buckthorn USDA FRRUR |
Miwok Drug, Cathartic Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 172 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Abnaki Drug, Abortifacient Infusion of bark taken by women to provoke menses. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 172 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Tonic of inner bark taken for liver and stomach. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Cherokee Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of bark used to 'check discharge.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Cathartic Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 76 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Emetic Decoction of bark taken as an emetic. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 76 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of bark taken 'to remove bile from the intestines.' Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Liver Aid Decoction of bark taken 'to remove bile from the intestines.' Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Iroquois Drug, Cathartic Decoction of bark taken as a physic. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 411 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Compound infusion of bark taken and applied as poultice to syphilitic lumps. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Iroquois Drug, Emetic Bark chewed to cause vomiting and clean out the insides, as a hunting medicine for deer. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Iroquois Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of bark taken for stomach cramps. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Iroquois Drug, Hunting Medicine Bark chewed to cause vomiting and clean out the insides, as a hunting medicine for deer. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Iroquois Drug, Laxative Compound decoction of bark taken as a laxative. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Iroquois Drug, Reproductive Aid Compound decoction of roots and bark taken to induce pregnancy. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 411 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Iroquois Drug, Venereal Aid Compound infusion of bark taken and applied as poultice to syphilitic lumps. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Meskwaki Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of bark used for sores, itch and vermin on the scalp. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 233 |
| Fraxinus americana L. White Ash USDA FRAM2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Unspecified Root bark used for medicinal purposes. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 245 |
| Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon Ash USDA FRLA |
Cowlitz Drug, Anthelmintic Infusion of bark taken for worms. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 45 |
| Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon Ash USDA FRLA |
Karok Drug, Preventive Medicine Bark used to prevent bad effect on medicine by ceremonially impure person. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash USDA FRNI |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Tonic of inner bark taken for liver and stomach. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23 |
| Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash USDA FRNI |
Cherokee Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of bark used to 'check discharge.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23 |
| Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash USDA FRNI |
Iroquois Drug, Analgesic Infusion of bark taken for painful urination. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412 |
| Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash USDA FRNI |
Iroquois Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Compound infusion of roots and bark used as foot soak for rheumatism. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412 |
| Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash USDA FRNI |
Iroquois Drug, Laxative Compound decoction of bark taken as a laxative. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413 |
| Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash USDA FRNI |
Iroquois Drug, Other Compound decoction of bark taken for stricture. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413 |
| Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash USDA FRNI |
Iroquois Drug, Reproductive Aid Compound decoction of roots and bark taken to induce pregnancy. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 413 |
| Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash USDA FRNI |
Iroquois Drug, Urinary Aid Infusion of bark taken for painful urination. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 412 |
| Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash USDA FRNI |
Menominee Drug, Adjuvant Inner bark used as a seasoner for medicines. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 43 |
| Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash USDA FRNI |
Meskwaki Drug, Panacea Inner bark of trunk considered a remedy for any internal ailments. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 233 |
| Fraxinus nigra Marsh. Black Ash USDA FRNI |
Ojibwa, South Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of inner bark applied to sore eyes. Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 200 |
| Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Green Ash USDA FRPE |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Drug, Psychological Aid Infusion of inner bark taken for depression. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 128 |
| Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Green Ash USDA FRPE |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Drug, Stimulant Infusion of inner bark taken for fatigue. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 128 |
| Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. Green Ash USDA FRPE |
Ojibwa Drug, Tonic Compound containing inner bark used as a tonic. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 376 |
| Fraxinus sp. Ash |
Chippewa Drug, Stimulant Decoction of inner bark taken as a stimulant. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 |
| Fraxinus sp. Ash |
Chippewa Drug, Tonic Decoction of inner bark taken as a tonic. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 |
| Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville California Flannelbush USDA FRCA6 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Cathartic Infusion of inner bark taken as a physic. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32 |
| Gaultheria procumbens L. Eastern Teaberry USDA GAPR2 |
Delaware Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Plants used with poke root, mullein leaves, wild cherry and black cohosh barks for rheumatism. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33 |
| Gaultheria procumbens L. Eastern Teaberry USDA GAPR2 |
Delaware Drug, Tonic Plants used with poke root, mullein leaves, wild cherry and black cohosh barks as a tonic. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 33 |
| Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch Black Huckleberry USDA GABA |
Cherokee Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of leaves and infusion of bark taken for dysentery. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 39 |
| Geocaulon lividum (Richards.) Fern. False Toadflax USDA GELI2 |
Cree, Hudson Bay Drug, Cathartic Decoction of chewed leaves and bark taken as a purgative. Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303 |
| Geocaulon lividum (Richards.) Fern. False Toadflax USDA GELI2 |
Cree, Hudson Bay Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed leaves and bark applied to wounds. Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303 |
| Geocaulon lividum (Richards.) Fern. False Toadflax USDA GELI2 |
Cree, Hudson Bay Drug, Emetic Decoction of chewed leaves and bark taken as an emetic. Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303 |
| Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honeylocust USDA GLTR |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of bark taken and used as a bath for dyspepsia. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 32 |
| Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honeylocust USDA GLTR |
Cherokee Drug, Pulmonary Aid Compound infusion of bark taken for whooping cough. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43 |
| Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honeylocust USDA GLTR |
Delaware Drug, Blood Medicine Bark mixed with bark of prickly ash, wild cherry and sassafras and used as a tonic to purify blood. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 30 |
| Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honeylocust USDA GLTR |
Delaware Drug, Cough Medicine Bark combined with bark of prickly ash, wild cherry and sassafras and used as a tonic for coughs. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 30 |
| Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honeylocust USDA GLTR |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Blood Medicine Compound containing bark used as a blood purifier. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 76 |
| Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honeylocust USDA GLTR |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Cough Medicine Compound containing bark used for a severe cough. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 76 |
| Gleditsia triacanthos L. Honeylocust USDA GLTR |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Tonic Compound containing bark used as a general tonic. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25 |