| Berberis vulgaris L. Common Barberry USDA BEVU |
Penobscot Drug, Oral Aid Poultice of pounded root or bark applied to ulcerated gums. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309 |
| Berberis vulgaris L. Common Barberry USDA BEVU |
Penobscot Drug, Throat Aid Pounded root or bark used for sore throat. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309 |
| Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch Alabama Supplejack USDA BESC |
Houma Drug, Reproductive Aid Decoction of leaf and bark taken for 'impotency in male or female.' Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 57 |
| Berchemia scandens (Hill) K. Koch Alabama Supplejack USDA BESC |
Houma Drug, Reproductive Aid Decoction of leaves and bark taken by males or females for impotency. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 57 |
| Betula alleghaniensis Britt. Yellow Birch USDA BEALA |
Ojibwa, South Drug, Diuretic Compound decoction of inner bark taken as a diuretic. Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 199 |
| Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis Yellow Birch USDA BEALA |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Cathartic Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 74 |
| Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis Yellow Birch USDA BEALA |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Emetic Decoction of bark taken as an emetic. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 74 |
| Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis Yellow Birch USDA BEALA |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of bark taken 'to remove bile from the intestines.' Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25 |
| Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis Yellow Birch USDA BEALA |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Liver Aid Decoction of bark taken 'to remove bile from the intestines.' Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25 |
| Betula alleghaniensis var. alleghaniensis Yellow Birch USDA BEALA |
Ojibwa Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of bark taken for internal blood diseases. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231 |
| Betula lenta L. Sweet Birch USDA BELE |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of bark taken for the stomach. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25 |
| Betula lenta L. Sweet Birch USDA BELE |
Cherokee Drug, Urinary Aid Infusion of bark taken for 'milky urine.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25 |
| Betula lenta L. Sweet Birch USDA BELE |
Chippewa Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of bark taken for diarrhea. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128 |
| Betula lenta L. Sweet Birch USDA BELE |
Chippewa Drug, Pulmonary Aid Bark used for pulmonary troubles and decoction of bark taken for pneumonia. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128 |
| Betula lenta L. Sweet Birch USDA BELE |
Mohegan Drug, Tonic Complex compound infusion including black birch bark taken as spring tonic. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1928, Mohegan Medicinal Practices, Weather-Lore and Superstitions, SI-BAE Annual Report #43: 264-270, page 266 |
| Betula lenta L. Sweet Birch USDA BELE |
Mohegan Drug, Tonic Inner bark used to make a tonic. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 70, 128 |
| Betula nigra L. River Birch USDA BENI |
Cherokee Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of bark taken for the stomach. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25 |
| Betula nigra L. River Birch USDA BENI |
Cherokee Drug, Urinary Aid Decoction of inner bark taken for difficult urination with discharge. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15 |
| Betula nigra L. River Birch USDA BENI |
Cherokee Drug, Urinary Aid Infusion of bark taken for 'milky urine.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25 |
| Betula nigra L. River Birch USDA BENI |
Chippewa Drug, Analgesic Decoction of bark taken for stomach pain. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342 |
| Betula nigra L. River Birch USDA BENI |
Chippewa Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of bark taken for stomach pain. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 342 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Dermatological Aid Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 152 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Pediatric Aid Bark powder used for diaper rash and other skin rashes. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 152 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Chippewa Drug, Cathartic Infusion of inner bark used as an enema. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of outer bark used to bandage a burn. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of inner bark used as a wash for skin rashes and other skin sores. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Dermatological Aid Dried inner bark ground, added to pitch & grease & used as ointment for persistent scabs & rashes. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of wood and inner bark used for 'women's troubles.' Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Iroquois Drug, Gynecological Aid Burned bark ashes used to 'shrivel the womb.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 300 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Menominee Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of inner bark used for dysentery. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 131 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Drug, Analgesic Root bark cooked with maple sugar as syrup for stomach cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of bark taken for internal blood diseases. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 231 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Compound decoction of root bark taken to alleviate stomach cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Orthopedic Aid Bark used as casts for broken limbs. A soft material such as a cloth was placed next to the skin on the broken limb over which birchbark was wrapped and tied. The birchbark was then heated until it shrank to fit the limb. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Thompson Drug, Contraceptive Bark used for contraception. One informant recalled a case in which a woman in childbirth did not want any more children. An old woman told her to take the afterbirth, stick it with an old bone awl, wrap it in fishnet and then in a piece of birch bark and place it high up on a particular kind of tree. The patient was then given an infusion of bitter cherry or saskatoon wood and after that had no more children Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 189 |
| Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch USDA BEPO |
Iroquois Drug, Hemorrhoid Remedy Decoction of bark taken for bleeding piles. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 300 |
| Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch USDA BEPO |
Malecite Drug, Dermatological Aid Inner bark scrapings used for swelling in infected cuts. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 245 |
| Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch USDA BEPO |
Micmac Drug, Dermatological Aid Inner bark used for infected cuts. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55 |
| Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch USDA BEPO |
Micmac Drug, Emetic Inner bark used as an emetic. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Creek Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Bark used in medicine taken for pulmonary tuberculosis. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 659 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Creek Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Decoction of bark taken for pulmonary tuberculosis. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 15 |
| Bignonia capreolata L. Crossvine USDA BICA |
Choctaw Drug, Kidney Aid Decoction of mashed bark used as a steambath for dropsy. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 57 |
| Bignonia capreolata L. Crossvine USDA BICA |
Koasati Drug, Analgesic Decoction of bark used as a bath and taken for headaches. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 57 |
| Bobea sp. Ahakea |
Hawaiian Drug, Blood Medicine Bark used as a blood purifier. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 5 |
| Bobea sp. Ahakea |
Hawaiian Drug, Dermatological Aid Bark used for skin ulcers. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 5 |
| Brassica napus L. Rape USDA BRNA |
Micmac Drug, Cold Remedy Bark used for colds. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55 |
| Brassica napus L. Rape USDA BRNA |
Micmac Drug, Cough Medicine Bark used for coughs. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55 |
| Brassica napus L. Rape USDA BRNA |
Micmac Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Bark used for grippe and smallpox. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 55 |
| Butomus umbellatus L. Flowering Rush USDA BUUM |
Iroquois Drug, Veterinary Aid Decoction of whole plant and bark from another plant added to cow and horse feed for worms. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 66 |
| Caesalpinia kavaiensis Mann Uhiuhi USDA CAKA5 |
Hawaiian Drug, Blood Medicine Bark, young leaves & other plants pounded, squeezed & resulting liquid taken to purify the blood. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 38 |