| Dirca palustris L. Eastern Leatherwood USDA DIPA9 |
Iroquois Drug, Emetic Infusion of bark and wood used as an emetic to remove yellow from the stomach. The yellow in the stomach was a sickness brought by the Europeans. As they introduced tea, butter and tobacco, the yellow accumulated in the stomach and couldn't be evacuated. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 50 |
| Dirca palustris L. Eastern Leatherwood USDA DIPA9 |
Iroquois Drug, Gynecological Aid Compound decoction of bark and roots taken to induce pregnancy. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 388 |
| Dirca palustris L. Eastern Leatherwood USDA DIPA9 |
Iroquois Drug, Kidney Aid Compound infusion of bark and roots taken for kidney troubles. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 388 |
| Dirca palustris L. Eastern Leatherwood USDA DIPA9 |
Iroquois Drug, Laxative Decoction or infusion of smashed roots or bark taken as a laxative. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 388 |
| Dirca palustris L. Eastern Leatherwood USDA DIPA9 |
Ojibwa Drug, Diuretic Infusion of bark taken as a diuretic. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 390 |
| Dirca palustris L. Eastern Leatherwood USDA DIPA9 |
Potawatomi Drug, Diuretic Infusion of inner bark taken as a diuretic. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 85 |
| Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. Silverberry USDA ELCO |
Blackfoot Drug, Dermatological Aid Strong decoction of bark and grease used as a salve for children with frostbite. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 85 |
| Elaeagnus commutata Bernh. ex Rydb. Silverberry USDA ELCO |
Blackfoot Drug, Pediatric Aid Strong decoction of bark and grease used as a salve for children with frostbite. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 85 |
| Epilobium sp. Willow Weed |
Abnaki Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of roots and bark from other plants taken for persistent coughs. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164 |
| Erythrina herbacea L. Redcardinal USDA ERHE4 |
Seminole Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of inner bark used as a body rub & steam for deer sickness: numb, painful limbs & joints. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 192 |
| Erythrina sandwicensis O. Deg. Wili Wili USDA ERSA11 |
Hawaiian Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of pounded bark taken for sexual organ diseases. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 74 |
| Euonymus americana L. American Strawberrybush USDA EUAM7 |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Astringent infusion of bark sniffed for sinus. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Euonymus americana L. American Strawberrybush USDA EUAM7 |
Cherokee Drug, Orthopedic Aid Infusion of bark rubbed on cramps in veins. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Euonymus americana L. American Strawberrybush USDA EUAM7 |
Cherokee Drug, Urinary Aid Infusion of bark taken for urinary troubles. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 38 |
| Euonymus atropurpurea Jacq. Eastern Wahoo USDA EUATA |
Meskwaki Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of pounded, fresh trunk bark applied to old facial sores. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 209 |
| Euonymus atropurpurea Jacq. Eastern Wahoo USDA EUATA |
Meskwaki Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion or decoction of bark used as a wash for weak or sore eyes. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 209 |
| Euonymus atropurpurea Jacq. Eastern Wahoo USDA EUATA |
Winnebago Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of inner bark taken for uterine trouble. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 102 |
| Euonymus europaea L. European Spindletree USDA EUEU4 |
Iroquois Drug, Anthelmintic Decoction of bark given to children with worms. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 374 |
| Euonymus europaea L. European Spindletree USDA EUEU4 |
Iroquois Drug, Pediatric Aid Decoction of bark given to children with worms. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 374 |
| Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech USDA FAGR |
Chippewa Drug, Pulmonary Aid Bark used for pulmonary troubles. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128 |
| Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech USDA FAGR |
Iroquois Drug, Abortifacient Bark used for abortions, only when mother was suffering. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 302 |
| Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech USDA FAGR |
Iroquois Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Compound decoction of bark taken for consumption. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 302 |
| Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech USDA FAGR |
Menominee Drug, Unspecified Inner bark of the trunk and root used in medicinal compounds. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 36 |
| Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. American Beech USDA FAGR |
Rappahannock Drug, Dermatological Aid Compound infusion of north side bark used as a wash for poison ivy. Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 34 |
| Fendlera rupicola Gray Cliff Fendlerbush USDA FERU |
Navajo Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of inner bark taken for swallowed ants. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51 |
| Ficus aurea Nutt. Florida Stranglerfig USDA FIAU |
Seminole Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of mashed bark applied to cuts and sores. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 300 |
| Forestiera acuminata (Michx.) Poir. Eastern Swampprivet USDA FOAC |
Houma Drug, Panacea Decoction of roots and bark taken as a 'health beverage.' Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 63 |
| Frangula californica ssp. californica California Buckthorn USDA FRCAC5 |
Costanoan Drug, Cathartic Decoction of inner bark used as a purgative. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 22 |
| Frangula californica ssp. californica California Buckthorn USDA FRCAC5 |
Costanoan Drug, Laxative Dried, ground inner bark used as a laxative. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 22 |
| Frangula californica ssp. californica California Buckthorn USDA FRCAC5 |
Mahuna Drug, Cathartic Powdered bark used as a cathartic for constipation. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 21 |
| Frangula californica ssp. californica California Buckthorn USDA FRCAC5 |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Cathartic Bark used as a cathartic. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368 |
| Frangula californica ssp. californica California Buckthorn USDA FRCAC5 |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Kidney Aid Bark used for kidney troubles. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368 |
| Frangula californica ssp. californica California Buckthorn USDA FRCAC5 |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Bark used for grippe. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368 |
| Frangula californica ssp. californica California Buckthorn USDA FRCAC5 |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Psychological Aid Decoction of bark taken for mania. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368 |
| Frangula californica ssp. californica California Buckthorn USDA FRCAC5 |
Mewuk Drug, Cathartic Infusion of bark and leaves used as a cathartic. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 366 |
| Frangula californica ssp. californica California Buckthorn USDA FRCAC5 |
Pomo Drug, Laxative Decoction of bark taken for constipation. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 14 |
| Frangula californica ssp. californica California Buckthorn USDA FRCAC5 |
Pomo, Kashaya Drug, Laxative Decoction of bark stored for a whole year and taken for constipation. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 39 |
| Frangula californica ssp. californica California Buckthorn USDA FRCAC5 |
Yokia Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Decoction of bark taken for grippe. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 368 |
| Frangula californica ssp. occidentalis (T.J. Howell) Kartesz & Gandhi California Buckthorn USDA FRCAO4 |
Cahuilla Drug, Laxative Dried, ground bark used for constipation. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 131 |
| Frangula californica ssp. tomentella (Benth.) Kartesz & Gandhi California Buckthorn USDA FRCAT2 |
Diegueno Drug, Cathartic Decoction of bark used as a physic. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 37 |
| Frangula californica ssp. tomentella (Benth.) Kartesz & Gandhi California Buckthorn USDA FRCAT2 |
Diegueno Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of bark and salt used as a bath for poison oak. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 37 |
| Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray Carolina Buckthorn USDA FRCA13 |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Cathartic Decoction of bark taken as a cathartic. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 78 |
| Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray Carolina Buckthorn USDA FRCA13 |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Emetic Decoction of bark taken as an emetic. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25, 78 |
| Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray Carolina Buckthorn USDA FRCA13 |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of bark taken 'to remove bile from the intestines.' Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25 |
| Frangula caroliniana (Walt.) Gray Carolina Buckthorn USDA FRCA13 |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Liver Aid Decoction of bark taken 'to remove bile from the intestines.' Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 25 |
| Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper Pursh's Buckthorn USDA FRPU7 |
Bella Coola Drug, Laxative Infusion of bark taken as a strong laxative. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 208 |
| Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper Pursh's Buckthorn USDA FRPU7 |
Clallam Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of bark used for wounds. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 201 |
| Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper Pursh's Buckthorn USDA FRPU7 |
Cowlitz Drug, Laxative Bark used as a laxative. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40 |
| Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper Pursh's Buckthorn USDA FRPU7 |
Flathead Drug, Cathartic Infusion of bark used as a purgative. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 56 |
| Frangula purshiana (DC.) Cooper Pursh's Buckthorn USDA FRPU7 |
Green River Group Drug, Laxative Bark used as a laxative. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 40 |