| Osmorhiza claytonii (Michx.) C.B. Clarke Clayton's Sweetroot USDA OSCL |
Tlingit Drug, Cough Medicine Warm infusion of whole plant taken for coughs. Krause, Aurel, 1956, The Tlingit Indians. Translated by Erna Gunther, Seattle. University of Washington Press, page 283 |
| Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr. Western Sweetroot USDA OSOC |
Blackfoot Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of plant taken for coughs. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 72 |
| Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr. Western Sweetroot USDA OSOC |
Shoshoni Drug, Cough Medicine Compound decoction of roots taken for coughs, 'heavy colds' and fevers. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 109110 |
| Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr. Western Sweetroot USDA OSOC |
Shoshoni Drug, Pulmonary Aid Decoction of root used for pulmonary disorders, pneumonia and whooping cough. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 109110 |
| Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch Eastern Hophornbeam USDA OSVIV |
Chippewa Drug, Cough Medicine Compound liquid made from wood taken as a cough syrup. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 340 |
| Ostrya virginiana (P. Mill.) K. Koch Eastern Hophornbeam USDA OSVIV |
Iroquois Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of heart chips taken for catarrh coughs. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 298 |
| Paeonia brownii Dougl. ex Hook. Brown's Peony USDA PABR |
Paiute Drug, Cough Medicine Cold infusion of seeds used as a cough medicine. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 197 |
| Paeonia brownii Dougl. ex Hook. Brown's Peony USDA PABR |
Paiute Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of root taken as a cough remedy. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 110111 |
| Paeonia brownii Dougl. ex Hook. Brown's Peony USDA PABR |
Paiute Drug, Cough Medicine Seeds used to make cough medicine. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 98 |
| Paeonia brownii Dougl. ex Hook. Brown's Peony USDA PABR |
Shoshoni Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of root taken as a cough remedy. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 110111 |
| Panicum sp. Panic Grass |
Seminole Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of plant taken & used as bath for gopher-tortoise sickness: cough, dry throat, noisy chest. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 236 |
| Panicum sp. Panic Grass |
Seminole Drug, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of plant taken & used as bath for gopher-tortoise sickness: cough, dry throat, noisy chest. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 236 |
| Panicum sp. Panic Grass |
Seminole Drug, Throat Aid Infusion of plant taken & used as bath for gopher-tortoise sickness: cough, dry throat, noisy chest. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 236 |
| Pedicularis canadensis L. Canadian Lousewort USDA PECAC3 |
Cherokee Drug, Cough Medicine Used as an ingredient in cough medicine. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 43 |
| Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. Elephanthead Lousewort USDA PEGR2 |
Cheyenne Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of powdered leaves and stems taken to stop or loosen a long lasting cough. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187 |
| Pedicularis groenlandica Retz. Elephanthead Lousewort USDA PEGR2 |
Cheyenne Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of smashed leaves and stems taken for coughs. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 39 |
| Pediomelum canescens (Michx.) Rydb. Buckroot USDA PECA25 |
Seminole Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of tuberous roots taken and steam inhaled for coughs. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 279 |
| Pellaea mucronata (D.C. Eat.) D.C. Eat. Birdfoot Cliffbrake USDA PEMUM |
Costanoan Drug, Antihemorrhagic Decoction of plant used for internal injuries to cough up 'bad blood.' Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 5 |
| Pellaea mucronata (D.C. Eat.) D.C. Eat. Birdfoot Cliffbrake USDA PEMUM |
Costanoan Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of plant used for internal injuries to cough up 'bad blood.' Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 5 |
| Pellaea mucronata (D.C. Eat.) D.C. Eat. Birdfoot Cliffbrake USDA PEMUM |
Costanoan Drug, Emetic Decoction of plant used for internal injuries to cough up 'bad blood.' Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 5 |
| Penstemon barbatus (Cav.) Roth Beardlip Penstemon USDA PEBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of plant taken for cough. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Creek Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of root taken for colds, coughs, consumption and whooping cough. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 667 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Natchez Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of root taken for coughs. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 667 |
| Penstemon sp. Penstemon |
Natchez Drug, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of root taken for consumption and whooping cough. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 667 |
| Penthorum sedoides L. Ditch Stonecrop USDA PESE6 |
Meskwaki Drug, Cough Medicine Seeds used to make a cough syrup. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 219 |
| Pericome caudata Gray Mountain Leaftail USDA PECA10 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of root taken for cough. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 52 |
| Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias Yampa USDA PEGAB |
Blackfoot Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of roots or roots chewed for coughs. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 72 |
| Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias Yampa USDA PEGAB |
Blackfoot Drug, Cough Medicine Root smudge smoke inhaled for nagging coughs. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 72 |
| Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay USDA PEBO |
Seminole Drug, Dietary Aid Infusion of leaves taken as emetic for ghost sickness: grief, lung cough, appetite loss & vomiting. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 260 |
| Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay USDA PEBO |
Seminole Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaves taken as emetic for ghost sickness: grief, lung cough, appetite loss & vomiting. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 260 |
| Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay USDA PEBO |
Seminole Drug, Psychological Aid Infusion of leaves taken as emetic for ghost sickness: grief, lung cough, appetite loss & vomiting. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 260 |
| Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay USDA PEBO |
Seminole Drug, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of leaves taken as emetic for ghost sickness: grief, lung cough, appetite loss & vomiting. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 260 |
| Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRP |
Delaware Drug, Cough Medicine Combined with great mullein, plum root and glycerine and used as a syrup for coughs. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 36 |
| Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRP |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Cough Medicine Compound decoction of leaves taken for coughs. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 30, 31 |
| Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRP |
Delaware, Oklahoma Drug, Respiratory Aid Compound containing plant taken for catarrh, coughs and lung trouble. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 30, 31 |
| Petasites frigidus var. palmatus (Ait.) Cronq. Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRP |
Quileute Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of roots or raw roots eaten as a cough medicine. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 49 |
| Peteria scoparia Gray Rush Peteria USDA PESC3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Veterinary Aid Smoke from dried tops inhaled by sheep for cough. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33 |
| Phacelia californica Cham. California Scorpionweed USDA PHCA |
Kawaiisu Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of roots taken for coughs. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 48 |
| Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm. Engelmann's Spruce USDA PIEN |
Thompson Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of needles and gum taken for coughs. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 100 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Cough Medicine Inner bark chewed and infusion of inner bark taken for coughs. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 126 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Kuskokwagmiut Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of green needles taken or raw needles chewed as cough medicine. Oswalt, W. H., 1957, A Western Eskimo Ethnobotany, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 6:17-36, page 28, 29 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Eskimo, Western Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of needles taken or raw needles chewed as a cough medicine. Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 24 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Gitksan Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of bark or inner bark used for coughs. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Micmac Drug, Cough Medicine Bark used as a cough remedy. Chandler, R. Frank, Lois Freeman and Shirley N. Hooper, 1979, Herbal Remedies of the Maritime Indians, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 1:49-68, page 59 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Drug, Cough Medicine Raw cambium chewed for coughs. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of bark or inner bark used for coughs. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Montagnais Drug, Cough Medicine Decoction of twigs taken for coughs. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 314 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Cough Medicine Inner bark chewed for coughs. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 175 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Cold Remedy Bud extract taken for coughs and colds. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Kwakiutl Drug, Cough Medicine Bud extract or pitch and grease taken for coughs. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 269 |