| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Drug, Dermatological Aid Spines used as probes for boils and ulcers. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of sapwood, bark and roots taken as a stomach medicine. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Paiute Food, Dried Food Berries formerly dried and eaten. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Paiute Food, Fruit Berries formerly eaten fresh. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 100 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Paiute Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw or boiled. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 84 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Salish, Coast Food, Fruit Dry, sweetish fruits eaten in late fall. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 86 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Dried Food Berries boiled, dried and stored. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Fruit Berries eaten raw. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Shuswap Food, Preserves Berries used to make jelly. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 66 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Antidiarrheal Fruit considered a good health food for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of bark taken for diarrhea and dysentery. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Spines used as probes 'for ripe boils and ulcers.' Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Spines used as probes for boils and ulcers. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of sap, bark, wood or root taken as stomach medicine. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 457 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of sapwood, bark and roots taken as a stomach medicine. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Drug, Panacea Fruit considered a good health food for general sickness. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Mashed fruit dried for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Fruit Fruit, without the seeds, eaten fresh or pureed. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Preserves Fruit made into jam or jelly. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Pomes eaten. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 486 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used for fish hooks. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Spines used for piercing ears. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Spines used to probe ripe boils and ulcers. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 454 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Strong wood used for digging sticks and axe handles. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 258 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 263 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Montana Indian Food, Fruit Fruit eaten fresh. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Montana Indian Food, Winter Use Food Fruit mixed with choke cherries and service berries pressed into cakes and dried for winter use. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Montana Indian Other, Tools Wood used for making 'camas sticks' for digging these and other roots. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 11 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Bread & Cake Berries mashed and formed into cakes, dried and eaten like cookies. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 123 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagon Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Oregon Indian Food, Fruit Fresh or dried fruit used for food. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 22 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Fruit Whole berries eaten fresh or mashed in a mortar. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 103 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 38 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Scarlet, pear-shaped pomes eaten. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 487 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used as pins and fishhooks. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 454 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Spines used to make fish hooks. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497 |
| Crataegus douglasii var. douglasii Douglas' Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Thompson Other, Tools Spines used as probes for ripe boils and ulcers. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 497 |
| Crataegus erythropoda Ashe Cerro Hawthorn USDA CRER |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Bread & Cake Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44 |
| Crataegus erythropoda Ashe Cerro Hawthorn USDA CRER |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44 |
| Crataegus erythropoda Ashe Cerro Hawthorn USDA CRER |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Winter Use Food Fruit pressed into pulpy cakes, dried and stored for winter use. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 44 |
| Crataegus macrosperma Ashe Bigfruit Hawthorn USDA CRMA3 |
Cherokee Food, Fruit Fresh fruit used for food. Perry, Myra Jean, 1975, Food Use of 'Wild' Plants by Cherokee Indians, The University of Tennessee, M.S. Thesis, page 56 |
| Crataegus mollis Scheele Arnold Hawthorn USDA CRMO2 |
Omaha Food, Beverage Twigs used to make a hot, aqueous, tea like beverage. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 329 |
| Crataegus mollis Scheele Arnold Hawthorn USDA CRMO2 |
Omaha Food, Fruit Fruit eaten by children fresh from the hand. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326 |
| Crataegus mollis Scheele Arnold Hawthorn USDA CRMO2 |
Omaha Food, Starvation Food Fruit eaten by adults in times of famine. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326 |
| Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch Waxyfruit Hawthorn USDA CRPR2 |
Iroquois Food, Bread & Cake Fruit mashed, made into small cakes and dried for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch Waxyfruit Hawthorn USDA CRPR2 |
Iroquois Food, Bread & Cake Used to make bread. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 82 |
| Crataegus pruinosa (Wendl. f.) K. Koch Waxyfruit Hawthorn USDA CRPR2 |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |