| Cicuta virosa L. Mackenzie's Water Hemlock USDA CIVI5 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Drug, Poison Roots considered poisonous. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 212 |
| Claytonia tuberosa Pallas ex J.A. Schultes Tuberous Springbeauty USDA CLTUT |
Alaska Native Food, Dietary Aid Green, fresh leaves eaten raw as a source of vitamin C and vitamin A. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 117 |
| Claytonia tuberosa Pallas ex J.A. Schultes Tuberous Springbeauty USDA CLTUT |
Alaska Native Food, Soup Corms cooked and added to stews. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 117 |
| Claytonia tuberosa Pallas ex J.A. Schultes Tuberous Springbeauty USDA CLTUT |
Alaska Native Food, Vegetable Basal leaves added to other greens and eaten raw or cooked. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 117 |
| Claytonia tuberosa Pallas ex J.A. Schultes Tuberous Springbeauty USDA CLTUT |
Alaska Native Food, Vegetable Corms roasted and used for food. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 117 |
| Claytonia tuberosa Pallas ex J.A. Schultes Tuberous Springbeauty USDA CLTUT |
Eskimo, Arctic Food, Vegetable Tubers boiled and eaten. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 31 |
| Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. Blackbrush USDA CORA |
Havasupai Food, Fodder Plant used as a good feed for stock in the absence of grass. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 223 |
| Coleogyne ramosissima Torr. Blackbrush USDA CORA |
Kawaiisu Drug, Venereal Aid Decoction of bark taken for gonorrhea. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 21 |
| Comarum palustre L. Purple Marshlocks USDA COPA28 |
Chippewa Drug, Antidiarrheal Decoction of root taken for dysentery. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 344 |
| Comarum palustre L. Purple Marshlocks USDA COPA28 |
Eskimo, Alaska Food, Beverage Dried leaves used to make a hot, tea like beverage before the availability of imported tea. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 36 |
| Comarum palustre L. Purple Marshlocks USDA COPA28 |
Ojibwa Drug, Analgesic Plant used alone for stomach cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 384385 |
| Comarum palustre L. Purple Marshlocks USDA COPA28 |
Ojibwa Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Plant used for stomach cramps. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 384385 |
| Coursetia glandulosa Gray Rosary Babybonnets USDA COGL8 |
Papago Other, Fasteners Transparent, yellowish-brown gum mixed with adobe and used to make jars of syrup air tight. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 21 |
| Cowania sp. |
Southwest Indians Fiber, Clothing Bark used to make coiled sandals. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 30 |
| Cowania sp. |
Walapai Other, Toys & Games Bark made into a ring used in a hoop and pole game. Bell, Willis H and Edward F. Castetter, 1941, Ethnobiological Studies in the Southwest VII. The Utilization of of Yucca, Sotol and Beargrass by the Aborigines in the American Southwest, University of New Mexico Bulletin 5(5):1-74, page 54 |
| Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. Pear Hawthorn USDA CRCA |
Meskwaki Drug, Analgesic Infusion of twigs used for a pain in the side and bladder trouble. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 241 |
| Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. Pear Hawthorn USDA CRCA |
Meskwaki Drug, Stimulant Infusion of root bark used in cases of 'general debility.' Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 241 |
| Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. Pear Hawthorn USDA CRCA |
Meskwaki Drug, Urinary Aid Fruit used for bladder ailments. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 241 |
| Crataegus calpodendron (Ehrh.) Medik. Pear Hawthorn USDA CRCA |
Meskwaki Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw and cooked. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 263 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Blackfoot Drug, Laxative Decoction of dried berries taken during the winter as a mild laxative. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 66 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Blackfoot Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Certain conditions had to be met before the berries were eaten. Otherwise, they would cause stomach cramps. The procedure was to offer the tree a gift, for boys a little bow and arrow made from the thorns, for girls a pair of miniature moccasins fashioned from the leaves. In return, the tree would not allow its berries to 'bite' the stomach. The gifts were placed on the tree and the berries collected. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 102 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Lakota Food, Fruit Fruits eaten for food. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 56 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Ojibwa Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 236 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Ojibwa, South Drug, Antidiarrheal Compound decoction of root taken for diarrhea. Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 200 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Omaha Food, Beverage Twigs used to make a hot, aqueous, tea like beverage. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 329 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Omaha Food, Fruit Fruit eaten by children fresh from the hand. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Omaha Food, Fruit Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Omaha Food, Starvation Food Fruit eaten by adults in times of famine. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 326 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Omaha Food, Starvation Food Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Ponca Food, Fruit Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Ponca Food, Starvation Food Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Potawatomi Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Fruit used for stomach complaints. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 76 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Potawatomi Food, Fruit Fruit eaten by deer, bears and sometimes the Indians. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 107 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Winnebago Food, Fruit Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus chrysocarpa Ashe Fireberry Hawthorn USDA CRCH |
Winnebago Food, Starvation Food Fruit sometimes used for food, but mostly as a famine food. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 87 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Bella Coola Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 208 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Cheyenne Food, Dried Food Fruits dried and used as a winter food. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Cheyenne Food, Fruit Fresh fruits cooked and used for food. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Cheyenne Food, Winter Use Food Pulverized, dried berries saved for winter use. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 176 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed leaves applied to swellings. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 288 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Antidiarrheal Infusion of shoots given to children for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Thorn used to pierce areas affected by arthritic pain. The upper end of the thorn was ignited and burned down to the point buried into the skin. This treatment was very painful, but after a scab had formed and disappeared, the arthritic pain also disappeared. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Oral Aid Infusion of new shoots used to wash a baby's mouth for mouth sores. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of new shoots used to wash a baby's mouth for mouth sores. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of shoots given to children for diarrhea. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Building Material Wooden withes used to repair barbed wire fences. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Bread & Cake Berries mashed and dried into thin, hard cakes. Sometimes the cakes were decorated. The dried cakes were eaten as a snack on winter evenings and were used as crackers to dip into deer marrow soup to soak up the fat. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Forage Berries eaten by bears and other animals. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |
| Crataegus douglasii Lindl. Black Hawthorn USDA CRDOD |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Season Indicator Ripened berries indicated that the mountain huckleberries in Sanpoil areas were beginning to ripen. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 124 |