| Betula sp. White Birch |
Malecite Drug, Unspecified Wood heated and used like a hot-water bottle. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Malecite Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Used to make brooms. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Malecite Fiber, Snow Gear Used to make sled and toboggan runners. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Malecite Food, Beverage Bark used to make tea. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Micmac Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Bark used to make trumpets for calling game. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Betula sp. White Birch |
Micmac Other, Lighting Bark used to make torches for night fishing. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths Blue Grama USDA BOGR2 |
Apache, White Mountain Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Blades bundled by a cord, the stiff end used as a hair comb and the other end used as a broom. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149 |
| Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths Blue Grama USDA BOGR2 |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Bread & Cake Seeds ground and used to make bread and pones. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149 |
| Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths Blue Grama USDA BOGR2 |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Porridge Seeds ground, mixed with meal and water and eaten as mush. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149 |
| Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths Blue Grama USDA BOGR2 |
Apache, White Mountain Other, Cash Crop Plant gathered and sold. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149 |
| Brassica rapa var. rapa Birdrape USDA BRRAR |
Mendocino Indian Food, Vegetable Young leaves eaten as greens in imitation of the first white settlers who first ate them. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 352 |
| Caltha leptosepala ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala White Marshmarigold USDA CALEL8 |
Okanagon Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed plant applied to inflamed wounds. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42 |
| Caltha leptosepala ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala White Marshmarigold USDA CALEL8 |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Fresh plant chewed and spit on wounds and poultice of crushed plant used. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 467 |
| Caltha leptosepala ssp. leptosepala var. leptosepala White Marshmarigold USDA CALEL8 |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of chewed plant applied to inflamed wounds. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 42 |
| Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene Small Camas USDA CAQUQ |
Karok Food, Vegetable Bulbs used for food. Bulbs were dug up with a stick and placed in a pit two feet in diameter. Leaves of Vitis californica were placed on the bottom, a layer of bulbs and then another layer of Vitis californica leaves. Finally a layer of dirt was added and a fire built on top. The mush formed was pure white and eaten by itself. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 21 |
| Capsicum annuum L. Cayenne Pepper USDA CAANA4 |
Sia Food, Unspecified Cultivated and eaten almost daily or sometimes at more than one meal per day. White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE Bulletin #, page 106 |
| Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill Cayenne Pepper USDA CAANG |
Keresan Food, Soup Used in stews. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 560 |
| Carex barbarae Dewey Santa Barbara Sedge USDA CABA4 |
Pomo Fiber, Basketry Rootstocks used to make the white or creamy groundwork for baskets. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 315 |
| Carex barbarae Dewey Santa Barbara Sedge USDA CABA4 |
Pomo Fiber, Basketry Woody root fibers used as the white background in baskets. Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 137 |
| Carex barbarae Dewey Santa Barbara Sedge USDA CABA4 |
Pomo, Kashaya Fiber, Cordage White, woody center of the root used as a sewing element in coiled baskets and in twining. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 103 |
| Carex barbarae Dewey Santa Barbara Sedge USDA CABA4 |
Pomo, Kashaya Fiber, Sewing Material White, woody center of the root used as a sewing element in coiled baskets and in twining. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 103 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Preserves Fruit used to make a kind of butter. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 147 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Iroquois Drug, Anthelmintic Compound decoction with white from inside bark taken by adults for worms. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 297 |
| Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don White Arctic Mountain Heather USDA CATET |
Eskimo, Alaska Fiber, Building Material Plant, mosses and lichens gathered for insulating houses against cold. Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715 |
| Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don White Arctic Mountain Heather USDA CATET |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Fuel Used for tinder, burned green and even frozen, and fuel. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 185 |
| Castilleja integra Gray Wholeleaf Indian Paintbrush USDA CAINI5 |
Apache, White Mountain Dye, Unspecified Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Hopi Other, Paint Root and juniper bark chewed, mixed with white clay and used as ceremonial paint. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 297 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Hopi Other, Paint Root chewed, mixed with white clay and the juice used to decorate artificial squash blossoms. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 91 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Tewa Other, Paint Root and juniper bark chewed, mixed with white clay and used as ceremonial paint. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 297 |
| Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. Scarlet Indian Paintbrush USDA CAMIM5 |
Apache, White Mountain Dye, Unspecified Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Castilleja minor (Gray) Gray Lesser Indian Paintbrush USDA CAMIM6 |
Apache, White Mountain Dye, Unspecified Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Castilleja parviflora Bong. Mountain Indian Paintbrush USDA CAPAP8 |
Apache, White Mountain Dye, Unspecified Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Ceanothus leucodermis Greene Chaparral Whitethorn USDA CELE2 |
Diegueno Drug, Dermatological Aid Blossom, leaf or berry sap used by rubbing area affected by itch, sores or impetigo. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 15 |
| Ceanothus leucodermis Greene Chaparral Whitethorn USDA CELE2 |
Diegueno Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of berries, whole branch with berries or leaves used as bath for itch, sores or impetigo. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 15 |
| Ceanothus leucodermis Greene Chaparral Whitethorn USDA CELE2 |
Diegueno Drug, Dermatological Aid Leaves and cascara leaves boiled and used for poison oak. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 15 |
| Ceanothus leucodermis Greene Chaparral Whitethorn USDA CELE2 |
Diegueno Drug, Dermatological Aid Leaves picked when only the leaves were out, boiled and used as a wash for itch. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 15 |
| Ceanothus leucodermis Greene Chaparral Whitethorn USDA CELE2 |
Kawaiisu Other, Soap Viscid fruits dipped into water by children and used as soap by rubbing them between the hands. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 18 |
| Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins California Redbud USDA CECAT |
Pomo Fiber, Basketry White, inner bark used in basketry. Barrett, S. A., 1908, Pomo Indian Basketry, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 7:134-308, page 138 |
| Cercis canadensis var. texensis (S. Wats.) M. Hopkins California Redbud USDA CECAT |
Pomo, Kashaya Fiber, Basketry Strips of switch bark used for brown design or bark peeled to show the white used to make baskets. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 96 |
| Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin Birchleaf Mountain Mahogany USDA CEMOG |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Burn Dressing Wood burned, the charcoal powdered and applied to burns. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Cercocarpus montanus var. glaber (S. Wats.) F.L. Martin Birchleaf Mountain Mahogany USDA CEMOG |
Apache, White Mountain Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood used to make bows. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Cercocarpus sp. Mountain Mahogany |
Keresan Dye, Red Used to make a red dye for staining moccasins. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 562 |
| Cereus sp. |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Cereus sp. |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Preserves Fruit used to make a kind of butter. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P. Atlantic White Cedar USDA CHTH2 |
Ojibwa, South Drug, Analgesic Decoction of leaves used as herbal steam for headache and backache. Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198 |
| Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) B.S.P. Atlantic White Cedar USDA CHTH2 |
Ojibwa, South Drug, Analgesic Poultice of crushed leaves and bark applied for headache. Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 198 |
| Chamaesyce albomarginata (Torr. & Gray) Small Whitemargin Sandmat USDA CHAL11 |
Diegueno Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of plant used to wash sores. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 21 |
| Chamaesyce albomarginata (Torr. & Gray) Small Whitemargin Sandmat USDA CHAL11 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Snake Bite Remedy Ground leaves and flowers used as a salve for rattlesnake bites. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 31 |
| Chamaesyce albomarginata (Torr. & Gray) Small Whitemargin Sandmat USDA CHAL11 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Veterinary Aid Poultice applied or decoction of leaves given to animals with snakebites. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 31 |