| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Drug, Tonic Decoction of bark or inner bark used as a tonic. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 152 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Wet'suwet'en Food, Unspecified Cambium eaten fresh. Gottesfeld, Leslie M. J., 1992, The Importance of Bark Products in the Aboriginal Economies of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada, Economic Botany 46(2):148-157, page 151 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hide Preparation Dry cones mixed with rotten white spruce wood and used to smoke tan hides a golden brown color. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Coeur d'Alene Food, Unspecified Nutlets cooked in hot ashes and used for food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 93 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Coeur d'Alene Food, Unspecified Nutlets used for food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 90 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified Inner bark used for food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified Nuts were an important article of food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 18 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 27 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Winter Use Food Seeds gathered and stored for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 27 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Spokan Food, Unspecified Nutlets used for food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 344 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Dried nuts kept alone in sacks or mixed with dried service berries and stored for future use. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Porridge Parched seeds pounded in a mortar to make a flour and mixed with water to form a mush. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Seeds eaten roasted or raw, but often considered bitter. If too many raw seeds were eaten, it would cause constipation. Roasted seeds were therefore preferred to raw seeds. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Seeds oven cooked or fire roasted. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 492 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Winter Use Food Cooked, crushed seeds mixed with dried berries and preserved for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 101 |
| Pinus albicaulis Engelm. Whitebark Pine USDA PIAL |
Thompson Food, Winter Use Food Seeds cooked, crushed, mixed with dried service berries and preserved for winter use. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 492 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hide Preparation Dry, open cones mixed with rotten white spruce wood used to smoke tan hides. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 50 |
| Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. Lodgepole Pine USDA PICOC |
Carrier, Northern Drug, Eye Medicine Gum painted on eye 'to remove white scum' and for snowblindness. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 49, 50 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Venereal Aid Leaves chewed for venereal diseases. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Unspecified Nuts eaten raw. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, White Mountain Other, Waterproofing Agent Pitch warmed and applied inside and out to waterproof water jugs. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 150 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hualapai Drug, Other Fresh, white pitch burned to purify the air. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Keresan Food, Winter Use Food Nuts gathered in large quantities, roasted and eaten during the winter. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 562 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Sia Food, Unspecified Nuts gathered in considerable quantities, roasted and used for food. White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE Bulletin #, page 107 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Hoh Drug, Cough Medicine Gum used for coughs. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Cough Medicine Pitch used for coughs. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch used for sores. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Pitch used for stomachaches. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Reproductive Aid Gum chewed by women for fertility and by girls to become pregnant without sex. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 270 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Lummi Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of bark taken for tuberculosis. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Mahuna Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Plant used for rheumatism. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 60 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Nitinaht Drug, Dermatological Aid Pitch mixed with melted deer tallow and used as a skin cosmetic. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Nitinaht Other, Ceremonial Items Wood used to make small totem poles and model canoes. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Pitch used as protective coating for whaling and fishing equipment. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 73 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Okanagan-Colville Fiber, Canoe Material Bark used to make sturgeon nosed canoes. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 29 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Paiute Food, Unspecified Nuts served as a minor source of subsistence. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Paiute Other, Ceremonial Items Green branch thrown into the fire and rain will come. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Quileute Drug, Cough Medicine Gum used for coughs. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 58 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Quinault Drug, Blood Medicine Infusion of bark taken to purify the blood. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Quinault Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of bark taken for stomach disorders. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Salish, Coast Food, Dried Food Inner bark dried in cakes and used for food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Salish, Coast Food, Unspecified Inner bark eaten fresh. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Salish, Coast Other, Fasteners Pitch used to fasten arrowheads onto shafts. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 71 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Shuswap Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Bark used for tuberculosis. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 51 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Shuswap Food, Unspecified Cones used for food. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 51 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Skagit Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of young shoots used as a soak for rheumatism. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Skagit Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of bark used for cuts and sores. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Skagit Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of bark taken for tuberculosis. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Skagit Fiber, Canoe Material Used rarely to make light dugouts. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Pinus monticola Dougl. ex D. Don Western White Pine USDA PIMO3 |
Thompson Drug, Panacea Infusion of boughs used for any kind of illness by old people. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 103 |