| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
Keres, Western Food, Staple Dried roots ground into flour. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 58 |
| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
Keres, Western Food, Sweetener Roots eaten for the sweetness. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 58 |
| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
Keresan Food, Unspecified Roots chewed in the spring before the leaves come out. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 560 |
| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
Kiowa Food, Unspecified Peeled stems used for food. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 33 |
| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
Kiowa Food, Unspecified Peeled stems used for food. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 33 |
| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
Laguna Food, Staple Roots dried and ground into meal. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33 |
| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of plant applied to arrow wounds. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 29 |
| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Panacea Plant used as a life medicine. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 29 |
| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Veterinary Aid Plant used for sheep with constipation. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 29 |
| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
San Felipe Food, Staple Roots dried and ground into meal. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 33 |
| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
San Ildefonso Food, Unspecified Roots eaten raw. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 58 |
| Dalea candida var. oligophylla (Torr.) Shinners White Prairieclover USDA DACAO |
Santa Clara Food, Special Food Plant chewed by women and children as a delicacy. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 58 |
| Darmera peltata (Torr. ex Benth.) Voss Indian Rhubarb USDA DAPE |
Miwok Food, Cooking Agent Pulverized root mixed with acorn meal to whiten it. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 144 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Powdered roots used in the religious-medicine ceremonies. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Disinfectant Plant juice or ground flowers and roots used as a disinfectant. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Narcotic Powdered roots used as a narcotic. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Beverage Juice or powdered roots used to make a fermented, intoxicating drink. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 151 |
| Dimorphocarpa wislizeni (Engelm.) Rollins Touristplant USDA DIWI2 |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Infusion of plant taken at medicine ceremonies. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157 |
| Dimorphocarpa wislizeni (Engelm.) Rollins Touristplant USDA DIWI2 |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of plant used as wash for swellings. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157 |
| Dimorphocarpa wislizeni (Engelm.) Rollins Touristplant USDA DIWI2 |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Throat Aid Infusion of plant used as wash for throat troubles. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157 |
| Elymus repens (L.) Gould Quackgrass USDA ELRE4 |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Fodder Plant used for hay. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155 |
| Elymus repens (L.) Gould Quackgrass USDA ELRE4 |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155 |
| Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats. Nevada Jointfir USDA EPNE |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of stems and leaves taken for gonorrhea or first stages of syphilis. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157 |
| Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats. Nevada Jointfir USDA EPNE |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Beverage Stems used to make tea. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157 |
| Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats. Nevada Jointfir USDA EPNE |
Navajo Drug, Kidney Aid Infusion of stems and leaves taken for kidney troubles. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157 |
| Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats. Nevada Jointfir USDA EPNE |
Navajo Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of stems and leaves taken for venereal troubles. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157 |
| Ephedra nevadensis S. Wats. Nevada Jointfir USDA EPNE |
Zuni Drug, Venereal Aid Infusion of stems and leaves taken for venereal troubles. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157 |
| Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail USDA EQAR |
Hesquiat Food, Vegetable Tender, young, vegetative shoots peeled and eaten raw. These shoots are green but have not yet branched out, and the segments are still very close together. The leaf sheaths were peeled off two at a time and the succulent stems eaten raw. They were 'nothing but juice.' The Hesquiat people travelled up towards Esteven Point especially to get these shoots, and sometimes they would collect 20 or more kilograms of them at a time. When they returned home, the harvesters would call together all their relatives and friends and have a feast of horsetail shoots. The white, fertile shoots were apparently not eaten, although they are in other areas of the Northwest Coast. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 28 |
| Equisetum hyemale var. affine (Engelm.) A.A. Eat. Scouringrush Horsetail USDA EQHYA |
Iroquois Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of whole plant used as an eyewash for white spot on the eye. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 262 |
| Eremalche exilis (Gray) Greene White Mallow USDA EREX3 |
Pima, Gila River Food, Unspecified Leaves boiled and eaten. Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 7 |
| Eremalche exilis (Gray) Greene White Mallow USDA EREX3 |
Pima, Gila River Food, Vegetable Leaves boiled or boiled, strained, refried and eaten as greens. Star mallow, wild heliotrope, fiddlenecks and wild sorrel were dropped entirely from the Pima diet. The author suspects they were spring starvation season foods. Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5 |
| Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird Rubber Rabbitbrush USDA ERNAB2 |
Apache, White Mountain Dye, Yellow Blossoms used as a yellow dye. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird Rubber Rabbitbrush USDA ERNAB2 |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Unspecified Seeds ground and used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird Rubber Rabbitbrush USDA ERNAB2 |
Tewa Drug, Oral Aid White galls from plants hung around babies' necks to stop dribbling. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45 |
| Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. bigelovii (Gray) Nesom & Baird Rubber Rabbitbrush USDA ERNAB2 |
Tewa Drug, Pediatric Aid White galls from plants hung around babies' necks to stop dribbling. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 45 |
| Eriogonum annuum Nutt. Annual Buckwheat USDA ERAN4 |
Lakota Dye, White Blossoms, brains, liver or gall and spleen rubbed into hides to bleach them. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 54 |
| Eriogonum gracillimum S. Wats. Rose And White Buckwheat USDA ERGR6 |
Tubatulabal Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of entire plant used as lotion for pimples. Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 59 |
| Eriogonum jamesii Benth. James' Buckwheat USDA ERJAJ |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used in medicine ceremonies. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157 |
| Eriogonum jamesii Benth. James' Buckwheat USDA ERJAJ |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Oral Aid Plant chewed to sweeten the saliva. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157 |
| Eriogonum jamesii Benth. James' Buckwheat USDA ERJAJ |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Unspecified Plant used for medicinal purposes. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 157 |
| Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe White Cottongrass USDA ERSC2 |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Fiber, Clothing Dried stems used in summer for boot insoles. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186 |
| Eriophorum scheuchzeri Hoppe White Cottongrass USDA ERSC2 |
Eskimo, Western Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of 'cotton' from plant applied to boils to absorb the pus. Lantis, Margaret, 1959, Folk Medicine and Hygiene, Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska 8:1-75, page 17 |
| Erythronium oregonum Applegate Giant White Fawnlily USDA ERORO |
Kwakiutl Food, Dried Food Bulbs dried and used for food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 75 |
| Erythronium oregonum Applegate Giant White Fawnlily USDA ERORO |
Kwakiutl Food, Unspecified Bulbs eaten raw, baked or boiled. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 75 |
| Eugenia axillaris (Sw.) Willd. White Stopper USDA EUAX |
Seminole Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to make bows. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 467 |
| Euonymus americana L. American Strawberrybush USDA EUAM7 |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Used for 'white swelling.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Eupatorium maculatum L. Spotted Joepyeweed USDA EUMAM |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Venereal Aid White flowered plant used for males and pink flowered plant used for females for venereal disease. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 238 |
| Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr. Apacheplume USDA FAPA |
Keresan Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Used to make arrows and brooms. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558 |
| Fallugia paradoxa (D. Don) Endl. ex Torr. Apacheplume USDA FAPA |
Keresan Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make arrows and brooms. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558 |
| Fomes sp. Bracket Fungus |
Oweekeno Other, Paint Whole plant made into a white powder, sometimes mixed with coloring, and used to make a paint. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 49 |