| Layia glandulosa (Hook.) Hook. & Arn. Whitedaisy Tidytips USDA LAGL5 |
Luiseno Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 228 |
| Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Oxeyedaisy USDA LEVU |
Mohegan Drug, Tonic Dandelion and white daisy used to make wines and taken as tonics. Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 121 |
| Leucanthemum vulgare Lam. Oxeyedaisy USDA LEVU |
Shinnecock Drug, Tonic Dandelion and white daisy used to make wines and taken as tonics. Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 121 |
| Lindera benzoin (L.) Blume Northern Spicebush USDA LIBEB |
Cherokee Drug, Tonic Used for 'white swellings' and infusion taken as a spring tonic. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 56 |
| Linum puberulum (Engelm.) Heller Plains Flax USDA LIPU4 |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Eye Medicine Berry juice used as an eye medicine. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158 |
| Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. Tanoak USDA LIDED2 |
Pomo Food, Porridge Moldy acorns mixed with whitened dried acorns and made into a mush. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 12 |
| Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd. Tanoak USDA LIDED2 |
Pomo, Kashaya Food, Porridge Acorns used as flour for pancakes, bread, mush or soup. Acorns were dried in the sun before storing. The acorns were cracked open and the inner nuts put in a winnowing basket and rubbed to remove the chaff. They were then put into a hopper mortar basket and pounded with a pestle to the consistency of flour. This flour was sifted with a basket and placed in a basin of clean sand and water poured over it many times to remove the bitter flavor. The water was poured over a bundle of leaves or branches that served to break the fall of the water and not splash sand into the food. The ground and leached meal was then cooked into mush or thinned with water to make soup. If pancakes or bread were to be made, the flour was ground coarser and was left soaking longer in the water. For bread, the dough was shaped into cakes that were wrapped in large leaves and baked in the coals. Red earth could be added to the dough to make a dark sweet bread. Another method produced moldy acorns that were made into mush. The acorns were not dried in the sun, but were left in the house until they turned greenish with mold. The mold was rubbed off. These nuts were pounded together with whitened dry acorns and made into mush. Another method was to leave cracked acorns in a pool for four or five months. They were then removed from the shell and cooked without pulverizing. They could be used for soup or mush, or eaten whole. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 83 |
| Lithospermum canescens (Michx.) Lehm. Hoary Puccoon USDA LICA12 |
Menominee Other, Sacred Items White, ripened seed used as a sacred bead in the Midewewin ceremony. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80 |
| Lithospermum ruderale Dougl. ex Lehm. Western Gromwell USDA LIRU4 |
Thompson Other, Decorations Hard, white, shiny seeds formerly used to make beads. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 192 |
| Lupinus densiflorus Benth. Whitewhorl Lupine USDA LUDED |
Miwok Food, Unspecified Steamed leaves and flowers eaten with acorn soup. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 159 |
| Lupinus densiflorus Benth. Whitewhorl Lupine USDA LUDED |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used in wreaths for the Flower Dance performed at the Strawberry Festival in May. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 65 |
| Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh Whiteflower Machaeranthera USDA MACAL |
Paiute Drug, Throat Aid Poultice of mashed leaves applied to swollen jaw or neck glands. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49 |
| Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh Whiteflower Machaeranthera USDA MACAL |
Shoshoni Drug, Analgesic Decoction of fresh or dried leaves taken for headaches. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49 |
| Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh Whiteflower Machaeranthera USDA MACAL |
Shoshoni Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of whole plant taken as a blood tonic. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49 |
| Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh Whiteflower Machaeranthera USDA MACAL |
Shoshoni Drug, Cathartic Warm infusion of plant tops taken as a physic. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49 |
| Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh Whiteflower Machaeranthera USDA MACAL |
Shoshoni Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of scraped roots used as an eyewash. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49 |
| Machaeranthera canescens ssp. canescens var. leucanthemifolia (Greene) Welsh Whiteflower Machaeranthera USDA MACAL |
Shoshoni Drug, Tonic Decoction of whole plant taken as a blood tonic. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 49 |
| Mahonia fremontii (Torr.) Fedde Fremont's Mahonia USDA MAFR3 |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used for ceremonial purposes. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155 |
| Malacothrix glabrata (Gray ex D.C. Eat.) Gray Smooth Desertdandelion USDA MAGL3 |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Blood Medicine Roots used as a blood medicine. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158 |
| Malva nicaeensis All. Bull Mallow USDA MANI2 |
Pima Food, Unspecified Leaves cooked, mixed with white flour, cooked again and used for food. Hrdlicka, Ales, 1908, Physiological and Medical Observations Among the Indians of Southwestern United States and Northern Mexico, SI-BAE Bulletin #34:1-427, page 264 |
| Mammillaria sp. Cactus |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Unspecified Flesh used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158 |
| Matelea biflora (Raf.) Woods. Star Milkvine USDA MABI6 |
Comanche Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Decoction of thick, white roots used for ghost sickness. Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 9 |
| Matelea biflora (Raf.) Woods. Star Milkvine USDA MABI6 |
Comanche Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of thick, white roots used for bruises. Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 9 |
| Matelea biflora (Raf.) Woods. Star Milkvine USDA MABI6 |
Comanche Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of thick, white roots used for menstrual cramps. Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 9 |
| Matelea biflora (Raf.) Woods. Star Milkvine USDA MABI6 |
Comanche Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of thick, white roots used for broken bones. Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 9 |
| Matelea cynanchoides (Engelm.) Woods. Prairie Milkvine USDA MACY3 |
Comanche Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Decoction of thick, white roots used for ghost sickness. Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 9 |
| Matelea cynanchoides (Engelm.) Woods. Prairie Milkvine USDA MACY3 |
Comanche Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of thick, white roots used for bruises. Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 9 |
| Matelea cynanchoides (Engelm.) Woods. Prairie Milkvine USDA MACY3 |
Comanche Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of thick, white roots used for menstrual cramps. Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 9 |
| Matelea cynanchoides (Engelm.) Woods. Prairie Milkvine USDA MACY3 |
Comanche Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of thick, white roots used for broken bones. Jones, David E., 1968, Comanche Plant Medicine, Papers in Anthropology 9:1-13, page 9 |
| Mentha arvensis L. Canadian Mint USDA MEAR4 |
Keresan Drug, Febrifuge Infusion of plant used for fever. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 562 |
| Mentha arvensis L. Canadian Mint USDA MEAR4 |
Sia Drug, Febrifuge Infusion of leaves taken for fevers. White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE Bulletin #, page 284 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Cahuilla Food, Porridge Parched seeds ground into flour and used to make mush. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 88 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Gosiute Drug, Burn Dressing Seeds used for burns. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 375 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Havasupai Food, Preserves Seeds parched, ground, kneaded into seed butter and eaten with fruit drinks or spread on bread. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 67 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Havasupai Food, Soup Seeds and Indian millet seeds ground and used to make soup or mush. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 73 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Havasupai Food, Unspecified Seeds formerly used for food. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 232 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Hopi Drug, Toothache Remedy Plant used as toothache medicine. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 335 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Hopi Food, Staple Seeds parched, ground into a fine, sweet meal and eaten in pinches. Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 20 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Hopi Food, Unspecified Mashed seeds rolled into sticks and eaten. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 164 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used as substitute for tobacco. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 335 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Kawaiisu Food, Preserves Seeds parched and ground into a 'peanut butter' like substance. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 41 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Kawaiisu Food, Winter Use Food Seeds stored for future use. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 41 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 100 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Montana Indian Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 15 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Snake Bite Remedy Compound containing leaves used for snake bite. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 36 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Toothache Remedy Poultice of crushed, soaked seeds applied for toothache. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 36 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Paiute Food, Sauce & Relish Fried seeds and water used for gravy. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 27 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Paiute Food, Staple Seeds parched, ground and eaten as meal. Kelly, Isabel T., 1932, Ethnography of the Surprise Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 31(3):67-210, page 98 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Paiute, Northern Food, Dried Food Seeds dried and stored for winter use. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46 |
| Mentzelia albicaulis (Dougl. ex Hook.) Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitestem Blazingstar USDA MEAL6 |
Paiute, Northern Food, Porridge Seeds dried, roasted, ground into a flour and used to make mush. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46 |