| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Zuni Other, Ceremonial Items Chewed blossoms rubbed on the bodies of young girls so that they could dance well and ensure rain. The blossoms were given by the High Priest and the Sun Priest of the Corn Maidens. The girls chewed the blossoms, ejected the mass into their hands and rubbed it on the neck, breast, arms and hands ensuring that they would dance well so that it would rain and the corn would grow. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87 |
| Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAM4 |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Flowers used ceremonially as 'white flower.' Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 337 |
| Oenothera pallida ssp. pallida Pale Eveningprimrose USDA OEPAP |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Used ceremonially as the White Flower associated with the northeast direction. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 86 |
| Oenothera pallida ssp. runcinata (Engelm.) Munz & W. Klein Pale Eveningprimrose USDA OEPAR |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Used ceremonially as the White Flower associated with the northeast direction. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 86 |
| Oenothera triloba Nutt. Stemless Eveningprimrose USDA OETR2 |
Zuni Food, Unspecified Roots ground and used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 158 |
| Opuntia engelmannii Salm-Dyck Cactus Apple USDA OPENE |
San Felipe Food, Porridge Seeds ground with white corn and meal eaten as mush. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 35 |
| Opuntia engelmannii var. lindheimeri (Engelm.) Parfitt & Pinkava Texas Pricklypear USDA OPENL |
Keresan Food, Unspecified Plant, with thorns burned off, roasted in damp sand and eaten with chili. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 560 |
| Opuntia engelmannii var. lindheimeri (Engelm.) Parfitt & Pinkava Texas Pricklypear USDA OPENL |
Sia Food, Unspecified Roasted in damp sand and eaten with chili. White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE Bulletin #, page 107 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Opuntia imbricata var. imbricata Tree Cholla USDA OPIMI |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw or stewed. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow Whipple Cholla USDA OPWH |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Dried Food Fruit dried for winter use. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Opuntia whipplei Engelm. & Bigelow Whipple Cholla USDA OPWH |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw or stewed. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Orthocarpus purpureoalbus Gray ex S. Wats. Purplewhite Owlclover USDA ORPU2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Cathartic Decoction of whole plant taken as a cathartic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Orthocarpus purpureoalbus Gray ex S. Wats. Purplewhite Owlclover USDA ORPU2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Compound decoction used as ceremonial medicine. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Orthocarpus purpureoalbus Gray ex S. Wats. Purplewhite Owlclover USDA ORPU2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Cold infusion of plant taken for heartburn. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 44 |
| Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern USDA OSCIC |
Abnaki Food, Unspecified White base of plant eaten raw. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 162 |
| Panax quinquefolius L. American Ginseng USDA PAQU |
Chippewa Other, Cash Crop Root became a money commodity because of the white traders' demand for it. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 137 |
| Parthenocissus vitacea (Knerr) A.S. Hitchc. Woodbine USDA PAVI5 |
Jemez Other, Ceremonial Items Berry juice mixed with white clay and used as a purple body paint for the summer dance. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26 |
| Penstemon barbatus ssp. torreyi (Benth.) Keck Torrey's Penstemon USDA PEBAT |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Plant used as a magic medicine. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Phaseolus acutifolius Gray Tepary Bean USDA PHACA2 |
Keresan Other, Ceremonial Items Beans made into a flour by the Koshairi and used for ritual purposes. Prayer meal ground from beans was exceedingly unusual; it was almost always made from corn. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558 |
| Phaseolus acutifolius Gray Tepary Bean USDA PHACA2 |
Sia Food, Vegetable Cultivated beans used for food. White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE Bulletin #, page 106 |
| Phaseolus lunatus L. Sieva Bean USDA PHLU2 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Unspecified Large, white bean cultivated for local use. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33 |
| Phaseolus lunatus L. Sieva Bean USDA PHLU2 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Unspecified Small, white lima bean cultivated for local use. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. Kidney Bean USDA PHVU |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Vegetable Beans used for food. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. Kidney Bean USDA PHVU |
Ojibwa Food, Vegetable Similar to the white man's Navy bean. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 406 |
| Phaseolus vulgaris L. Kidney Bean USDA PHVU |
Sia Food, Vegetable Cultivated beans used for food. White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE Bulletin #, page 106 |
| Pholistoma membranaceum (Benth.) Constance White Fiestaflower USDA PHME3 |
Tubatulabal Food, Unspecified Leaves used for food. Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 15 |
| Pholistoma membranaceum (Benth.) Constance White Fiestaflower USDA PHME3 |
Tubatulabal Food, Unspecified Rolled in palm of hand with salt grass leaves and stems and eaten. Voegelin, Ermine W., 1938, Tubatulabal Ethnography, Anthropological Records 2(1):1-84, page 19 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Antidiarrheal Root used for diarrhea and kindred diseases. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Apache, White Mountain Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Root used for stomach troubles and kindred diseases. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Apache, White Mountain Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Reeds used as an arrow shaft for hunting small birds with arrows. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Apache, White Mountain Other, Smoke Plant Reeds filled with tobacco and used as a cigarette. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Apache, White Mountain Other, Smoking Tools Reeds used to make pipe stems. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Phyllospadix torreyi S. Wats. Torrey's Surfgrass USDA PHTO |
Makah Fiber, Basketry White, sun bleached leaves used in basketry. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 328 |
| Physalis hederifolia var. fendleri (Gray) Cronq. Fendler's Groundcherry USDA PHHEF |
Apache, White Mountain Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw and cooked. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Phytolacca americana L. American Pokeweed USDA PHAMA3 |
Cherokee Drug, Other Compound used for 'white swelling.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Abnaki Drug, Urinary Aid Infusion of cones taken for urinary troubles. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 164 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Cough Medicine Inner bark chewed and infusion of inner bark taken for coughs. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 126 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Dermatological Aid Gum used as a salve. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 126 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Gynecological Aid Used in the sudatory, this is taken by women after childbirth and for other complaints. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 126 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Internal Medicine Infusion of branch tips taken to 'heal the insides.' Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 126 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Laxative Gum chewed as a laxative. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 126 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Laxative Resin chewed as a laxative. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 73 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Unspecified Used in the sudatory, this is taken by women after childbirth and for other complaints. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 126 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Candy Resin chewed like chewing gum. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 73 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Basketry Roots used to sew basketss. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Canoe Material Roots used to sew canoes. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Algonquin, Tete-de-Boule Fiber, Snow Gear Roots used to sew snowshoes. Raymond, Marcel., 1945, Notes Ethnobotaniques Sur Les Tete-De-Boule De Manouan, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:113-134, page 129 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Chippewa Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Compound decoction of twigs used as herbal steam for rheumatism. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 362 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Decoction of inner bark used for arthritis. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |