| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Alaska Native Food, Fruit Berry-like fruits used for food. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 83 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Bella Coola Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of toasted, pulverized leaves applied to cuts. Smith, Harlan I., 1929, Materia Medica of the Bella Coola and Neighboring Tribes of British Columbia, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 56:47-68, page 63 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Bella Coola Food, Bread & Cake Berries dried in cakes and used as a winter food. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 204 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Clallam Food, Bread & Cake Berries mashed, dried in cakes, soaked, dipped in oil and eaten. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 200 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 240 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Hesquiat Food, Dried Food Dried, caked berries rehydrated and eaten with oil. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Hesquiat Food, Spice Branches, with leaves attached, layered between fishheads and fish for flavoring. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Hesquiat Other, Cooking Tools Branches, with leaves attached, layered between fishheads and fish to prevent sticking. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Hesquiat Other, Cooking Tools Branches, with leaves attached, used as beaters for whipping soapberries. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Hesquiat Other, Cooking Tools Leaves, folded around like a cone, made a good drinking cup. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Karok Dye, Black Berries rubbed over basket caps as a black stain. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Karok Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Kitasoo Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 333 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Klallam Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of chewed leaves applied to burns. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Klallam Food, Bread & Cake Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Dried Food Berries mashed, dried over fire and resulting cakes used as a winter food. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Special Food Berries mashed with stink currant berries and eaten by chiefs and their wives. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 286 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Kwakiutl, Southern Food, Special Food Ripe berries dipped into oil and eaten fresh at feasts. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Drug, Oral Aid Leaves used to dry the mouth. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Food, Beverage Leaves used as a remedy for thirst. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Food, Bread & Cake Berries mashed, dried, made into cakes, dipped in whale or seal oil and eaten. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Food, Bread & Cake Berries mashed, formed into cakes and sun or air dried for winter use. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Food, Dried Food Berries dried for future use. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Food, Pie & Pudding Berries used to make pies. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Food, Preserves Berries used to make jellies. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Food, Spice Leaves steamed with halibut heads for flavoring. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Food, Spice Leaves used to flavor smoked fish. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Other, Cooking Tools Branches used to whip soapberries into a froth. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, pulverized and smoked with kinnikinnick. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaves used as a stomach tonic. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Drug, Reproductive Aid Large leaves eaten by both newly wed husband and wife for a firstborn baby boy. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Dye, Yellow Infusion of leaves used as a greenish-yellow dye. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Food, Dried Food Berries dried for future use. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Food, Dried Food Berries mashed, dried into rectangular cakes, soaked, boiled and eaten in winter. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Food, Frozen Food Berries frozen and used for food. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Food, Fruit Berries eaten fresh. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Food, Preserves Berries made into jam and used for food. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Food, Spice Branches and leaves used in steam cooking pits to flavor the cooking food. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Food, Starvation Food Leaves chewed by those lost in the bushes to alleviate hunger. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Other, Cooking Tools Branches and leaves used in steam cooking pits to circulate steam and keep food from burning. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Nitinaht Other, Paint Leaves crushed, mixed with salmon roe and used as paint for masks and wooden item designs. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Okanagon Food, Bread & Cake Fruits pressed into cakes and used as a winter food. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Okanagon Food, Fruit Fruits eaten fresh. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Oweekeno Food, Fruit Berries eaten as fresh fruit. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 96 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Oweekeno Food, Fruit Berries mixed with stink currants, sugar and oolichan grease and eaten. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 96 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Oweekeno Food, Preserves Berries used to make jam or jelly. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 96 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Oweekeno Other, Cooking Tools Branches tied into a bunch and used for whipping soapberries. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 96 |