| Plagiobothrys fulvus var. campestris (Greene) I.M. Johnston Fulvous Popcornflower USDA PLFUC |
Mendocino Indian Dye, Red Matter at the base of young leaves used by women and children to stain their cheeks crimson. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 382 |
| Populus balsamifera ssp. trichocarpa (Torr. & Gray ex Hook.) Brayshaw Black Cottonwood USDA POBAT |
Missouri River Indian Dye, Yellow Buds used to make a yellow dye. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68 |
| Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. Eastern Cottonwood USDA PODED |
Cheyenne Dye, Green Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a green dye. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 36 |
| Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. Eastern Cottonwood USDA PODED |
Cheyenne Dye, Purple Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a purple dye. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 36 |
| Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. Eastern Cottonwood USDA PODED |
Cheyenne Dye, Red Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a red dye. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 36 |
| Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. Eastern Cottonwood USDA PODED |
Cheyenne Dye, Unspecified Used to make a dye. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46 |
| Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. Eastern Cottonwood USDA PODED |
Cheyenne Dye, White Brown, gummy leaf buds scratched and used to make a white dye. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 36 |
| Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh. Eastern Cottonwood USDA PODED |
Missouri River Indian Dye, Yellow Buds used to make a yellow dye. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 68 |
| Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder Plains Cottonwood USDA PODEM |
Dakota Dye, Yellow Seed vessels boiled to make a yellow dye for pluming arrow feathers. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72 |
| Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder Plains Cottonwood USDA PODEM |
Dakota Dye, Yellow Waxy leaf buds boiled to make a yellow dye. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72 |
| Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder Plains Cottonwood USDA PODEM |
Omaha Dye, Yellow Leaf buds used to make a yellow dye. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 324 |
| Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder Plains Cottonwood USDA PODEM |
Omaha Dye, Yellow Seed vessels boiled to make a yellow dye for pluming arrow feathers. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72 |
| Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder Plains Cottonwood USDA PODEM |
Pawnee Dye, Yellow Seed vessels boiled to make a yellow dye for pluming arrow feathers. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72 |
| Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder Plains Cottonwood USDA PODEM |
Pawnee Dye, Yellow Waxy leaf buds boiled to make a yellow dye. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72 |
| Populus deltoides ssp. monilifera (Ait.) Eckenwalder Plains Cottonwood USDA PODEM |
Ponca Dye, Yellow Seed vessels boiled to make a yellow dye for pluming arrow feathers. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 72 |
| Proboscidea louisianica (P. Mill.) Thellung Common Devilsclaw USDA PRLOL |
Shoshoni Dye, Black Dried pods used as black dye, pieces buried in wood ashes to deepen the shade. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 7 |
| Prosopis sp. Mesquite |
Hualapai Dye, Unspecified Black sap used to make hair dye. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 44 |
| Prosopis velutina Woot. Velvet Mesquite USDA PRVE |
Pima Dye, Black Decoction of gum applied to grey hair and used with black clay or mud as a black hair dye. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 93 |
| Prunus americana Marsh. American Plum USDA PRAM |
Chippewa Dye, Mordant Inner bark scraped and used to set the color of a yellow dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374 |
| Prunus americana Marsh. American Plum USDA PRAM |
Chippewa Dye, Red Inner bark boiled with other inter barks and bloodroot and used to make a red dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 371 |
| Prunus americana Marsh. American Plum USDA PRAM |
Chippewa Dye, Yellow Single handful of shredded roots boiled with bloodroot to make a dark yellow dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374 |
| Prunus americana Marsh. American Plum USDA PRAM |
Isleta Dye, Red Root bark, alder root bark and mountain mahogany root bark used to make a red dye for buckskin. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 40 |
| Prunus americana Marsh. American Plum USDA PRAM |
Navajo Dye, Red Roots used as a red dye for wool. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54 |
| Prunus emarginata (Dougl. ex Hook.) D. Dietr. Bitter Cherry USDA PREME |
Thompson Fiber, Basketry Tough, waterproof bark used with grass stems for imbrication of coiled split cedar root baskets. The basket was either left a natural light reddish brown color or was dyed by burying it in damp earth or letting it sit in a rusty tin can. After being buried a short time, it became a dark brown color and when kept for a longer time, it became black. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 263 |
| Prunus nigra Ait. Canadian Plum USDA PRNI |
Ojibwa Dye, Mordant Inner bark used as an astringent color fixative in dyeing with other plant dyes. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426 |
| Prunus persica (L.) Batsch Peach USDA PRPE3 |
Navajo Dye, Yellow Leaves used as a yellow dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54 |
| Prunus sp. Chokecherry |
Navajo Dye, Green Fruits used to make a green dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54 |
| Prunus sp. Chokecherry |
Navajo Dye, Purple Roots used to make a purple dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 54 |
| Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg. Black Chokecherry USDA PRVIM |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Red Fruit used to make a dark red dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48 |
| Prunus virginiana var. melanocarpa (A. Nels.) Sarg. Black Chokecherry USDA PRVIM |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Red-Brown Inner bark used to make a red-brown dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48 |
| Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii Douglas Fir USDA PSMEM |
Swinomish Dye, Brown Bark boiled and used on fish nets as a light brown dye to make them invisible to the fish. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 19 |
| Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene Woolly Paperflower USDA PSTAT |
Apache, White Mountain Dye, Yellow Blossoms used to make a yellow dye. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 160 |
| Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene Woolly Paperflower USDA PSTAT |
Keres, Western Dye, Yellow Boiled, crushed flowers used for yellow paint or dye. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64 |
| Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene Woolly Paperflower USDA PSTAT |
Keres, Western Other, Paint Boiled, crushed flowers used for yellow paint or dye. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 64 |
| Psilostrophe tagetina (Nutt.) Greene Woolly Paperflower USDA PSTAT |
Zuni Dye, Yellow Blossoms used to make a yellow dye. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 80 |
| Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson Stansbury Cliffrose USDA PUST |
Navajo Dye, Brown Pounded leaves and stems mixed with pounded juniper and used to make a tan dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53 |
| Purshia stansburiana (Torr.) Henrickson Stansbury Cliffrose USDA PUST |
Navajo Dye, Yellow-Brown Pounded leaves and stems mixed with pounded juniper and used to make a yellow brown dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 53 |
| Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. Antelope Bitterbrush USDA PUTR2 |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Purple Seed coats used to make a violet dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48 |
| Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. Antelope Bitterbrush USDA PUTR2 |
Klamath Dye, Purple Outer seed coat used as a purple stain to produce temporary color on arrows, bows and other objects. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 98 |
| Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC. Antelope Bitterbrush USDA PUTR2 |
Montana Indian Dye, Purple Outer seed coats used to make a purple stain for wood. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 20 |
| Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. Canyon Live Oak USDA QUCHC |
Diegueno Dye, Black Acorn cups soaked in water containing iron and used as a black dye to color basket materials. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 33 |
| Quercus gambelii Nutt. Gambel's Oak USDA QUGAG |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Unspecified Red leaf galls & red clay or gum used to make stripes on arrow shafts between & below the feathers. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22 |
| Quercus kelloggii Newberry California Black Oak USDA QUKE |
Pomo, Kashaya Dye, Black Round, fleshy insect galls made into a dark hair dye. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 79 |
| Quercus lobata N‚e California White Oak USDA QULO |
Concow Dye, Black Bark used to blacken strands of red buds for basket making. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 343 |
| Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak USDA QUMAM |
Chippewa Dye, Black Boiled with black earth and ocher to make a black dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372 |
| Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak USDA QUMAM |
Chippewa Dye, Black Inner bark boiled with green hazel burs, added to black earth and butternut and used as a black dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372 |
| Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Bur Oak USDA QUMAM |
Ojibwa Dye, Mordant Bark used in combination with other materials to set color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425 |
| Quercus prinus L. Chestnut Oak USDA QUMI |
Cherokee Dye, Brown Bark used to make a tan dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 46 |
| Quercus pungens Liebm. Pungent Oak USDA QUPU |
Navajo Dye, Brown Bark exudation used as a tan dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Ojibwa Dye, Unspecified Bark used in tanning and coloring. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 242 |