| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Malecite Dye, Unspecified Bark used to make a dye and tanning material. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Malecite Other, Hide Preparation Bark used to make a dye and tanning material. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Menominee Dye, Red Boiled bark used for dark red coloring. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Micmac Dye, Unspecified Bark used to make a dye. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Ojibwa Dye, Mordant Bark used with a little rock dust to set the color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426 |
| Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr. Eastern Hemlock USDA TSCA |
Ojibwa Dye, Red-Brown Bark used with a little rock dust to dye materials a dark red brown. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426 |
| Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Carolina Hemlock USDA TSCA2 |
Cherokee Dye, Red-Brown Bark used to make a rosy-tan dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 38 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Bella Coola Dye, Brown Bark boiled and used as a brown dye for fishnets. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 198 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Chehalis Dye, Unspecified Inner bark made into a dye and used on fish nets to make them invisible to fish and attract them. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Clallam Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and used to make a reddish-brown dye. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 195 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hesquiat Dye, Red-Brown Bark, especially from the inside of a crevice, used as a reddish-brown dye. Bark was used to dye the rope used in halibut fishing to make it invisible to the fish. Canoes were often painted with a solution of this bark in water. This stain was made by steeping the bark in water for many days, until the liquid was bright red. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 44 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Klallam Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and used as a red-brown dye. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Makah Dye, Red-Brown Inner bark pounded, boiled and used as a red-brown dye. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Dye, Black Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make a black dye. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Dye, Brown Bark chopped into small pieces, pounded, crushed and boiled to make different shades of brown dye. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 74 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Nitinaht Dye, Brown Bark used as a brown dye for basketry material and gill nets 'so the fish won't see it.' Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 238 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Snohomish Fiber, Basketry Inner bark used as a dye for baskets. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 17 |
| Urtica dioica L. Stinging Nettle USDA URDID |
Makah Dye, Green Leaves rubbed on fishing line to give it a green color or used as medicine for good fishing. An informant said, 'As a child I saw my father when he'd take this halibut line, fish line, and he'd tighten it from one end of the yard to the other, while it was being stretched like that, otherwise they coil and tangle you know. He'd take a handful of those leaves and he'd rub it along the line and it gave it kind of a green color. I don't know if that was just for the color or if he thought there was some medicine in it or something, for good fishing or something. Might have been just to tint the line.' Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 246 |
| Usnea sp. |
Makah Dye, Yellow Used as a source of yellow dye. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 211 |
| Vaccinium myrtilloides Michx. Velvetleaf Huckleberry USDA VAMY |
Cree, Woodlands Dye, Unspecified Berries used to dye porcupine quills. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 63 |
| Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. Ovalleaf Blueberry USDA VAOV |
Hesquiat Dye, Purple Berries and devil's club inner bark boiled to make a purple stain. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 65 |
| Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n Northern Mountain Cranberry USDA VAVIM |
Cree, Woodlands Dye, Unspecified Berries used to color porcupine quills. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 64 |
| Verbesina sp. |
Keres, Western Dye, Yellow Petals mixed with white clay and used as a yellow dye for cotton. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 74 |
| Vernonia missurica Raf. Missouri Ironweed USDA VEMI2 |
Kiowa Dye, Purple Flowers used as a purple dye. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 62 |
| Viola adunca Sm. Hookedspur Violet USDA VIADA |
Blackfoot Dye, Blue Plant used to dye arrows blue. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 123 |
| Woodwardia fimbriata Sm. Giant Chainfern USDA WOFI |
Karok Fiber, Basketry Leaf fiber used to make baskets. Fibers were pounded from the rachis and dyed with Alnus bark for use in basketry. The fibers were then dried and coiled for storage. They were soaked to unroll and used. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63 |
| Woodwardia fimbriata Sm. Giant Chainfern USDA WOFI |
Tolowa Fiber, Unspecified Leaves used to obtain fiber. The two fibers of each leaf were collected at the end of June or the first part of July. The rachis was pounded and fibers fell out. For designs, the fibers were dyed with Alnus bark. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63 |
| Woodwardia fimbriata Sm. Giant Chainfern USDA WOFI |
Yurok Fiber, Unspecified Leaves used to obtain fiber. Fibers were harvested when leaves were fully grown and then dyed with alder bark. The strands could be dyed by chewing in Alnus bark and running the fibers through the mouth or by pounding the bark in a mortar and pestle. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 63 |
| Woodwardia radicans (L.) J. Sm. Rooting Chainfern USDA WORA |
Hupa Fiber, Basketry Dyed fronds used in basketry. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 4 |
| Xanthorhiza simplicissima Marsh. Yellowroot USDA XASI |
Cherokee Dye, Yellow Entire plant crushed and used to make a yellow dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Xerophyllum tenax (Pursh) Nutt. Common Beargrass USDA XETE |
Hesquiat Fiber, Basketry Purchased grass shaved and dyed to make baskets and edging for mats and baskets. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 56 |
| Yucca baccata Torr. Banana Yucca USDA YUBAB |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Unspecified Leaf juice used as a medium for pigments of pottery paints and slips. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21 |
| Yucca brevifolia Engelm. Joshua Tree USDA YUBAB2 |
Shoshoni Dye, Black Roots used as black dye in basketry. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 8 |
| Yucca brevifolia Engelm. Joshua Tree USDA YUBAB2 |
Shoshoni Dye, Red Roots used as red dye in basketry. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 8 |
| Yucca glauca Nutt. Small Soapweed USDA YUGLG2 |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Black Juice mixed with yellow soil for a black dye. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21 |
| Yucca glauca Nutt. Small Soapweed USDA YUGLG2 |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Red Juice boiled alone for a red dye. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 21 |
| Yucca whipplei Torr. Chaparral Yucca USDA YUWHW |
Mahuna Dye, White Pods used for bleaching buckskin fiber a pure white. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 58 |
| Zea mays L. Corn USDA ZEMAM2 |
Navajo Other, Tools Cobs used to beat leather while dyeing. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 27 |
| Zinnia grandiflora Nutt. Rocky Mountain Zinnia USDA ZIGR |
Keres, Western Dye, Yellow Flowers rubbed into buckskin as a yellow dye. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38 |
| Zinnia grandiflora Nutt. Rocky Mountain Zinnia USDA ZIGR |
Keres, Western Dye, Yellow Flowers, ground with white clay or mixed with warm water, used as yellow dye for wool. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38 |