| Cercocarpus montanus Raf. True Mountain Mahogany USDA CEMOM4 |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Brown Decoction of root bark used as a brown dye for buckskin and wool. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30 |
| Cercocarpus montanus Raf. True Mountain Mahogany USDA CEMOM4 |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Red Used as a red dye for baskets. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30 |
| Cercocarpus sp. Mountain Mahogany |
Keresan Dye, Red Used to make a red dye for staining moccasins. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 562 |
| Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi Blite Goosefoot USDA CHCA4 |
Potawatomi Dye, Red Fruit heads used as rouge to paint on clan marks or to heighten the color of cheeks and lips. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117 |
| Chenopodium capitatum (L.) Ambrosi Blite Goosefoot USDA CHCA4 |
Thompson Dye, Red Calyx crushed and red stain used on the face, body, clothes, wood and skins. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502 |
| Chrysothamnus sp. Rabbit Brush |
Navajo Dye, Yellow Used as a yellow dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 83 |
| Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. Green Rabbitbrush USDA CHVIA4 |
Hopi Dye, Yellow Blossoms used as a yellow dye for wools and cotton yarn. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 302 |
| Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. Green Rabbitbrush USDA CHVIA4 |
Navajo Dye, Orange Flowers boiled with roasted alum and used as a light-orange dye for leather, wool and basketry. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 84 |
| Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus (Hook.) Nutt. Green Rabbitbrush USDA CHVIA4 |
Navajo Dye, Yellow Flowers boiled with roasted alum and used as a yellow dye for leather, wool and basketry. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 84 |
| Cleome serrulata Pursh Rocky Mountain Beeplant USDA CLSE |
Isleta Dye, Unspecified Roots formerly used to make a dye. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26 |
| Clintonia uniflora (Menzies ex J.A. & J.H. Schultes) Kunth Bride's Bonnet USDA CLUN2 |
Thompson Dye, Unspecified Mashed, blue, berry like fruits used as a dye or stain. Large quantities of the fruits had to be used in order for the dye or stain to be effective. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 121 |
| Comandra umbellata ssp. pallida (A. DC.) Piehl Pale Bastard Toadflax USDA COUMP |
Arapaho Dye, Blue Area next to the root bark used as a blue dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50 |
| Conocarpus erectus L. Button Mangrove USDA COER2 |
Seminole Dye, Unspecified Plant used as a buckskin dye. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 468 |
| Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Threeleaf Goldthread USDA COTR2 |
Chippewa Dye, Yellow Long, slender roots used to make a bright yellow dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374 |
| Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Threeleaf Goldthread USDA COTR2 |
Chippewa Dye, Yellow Roots used to make a yellow dye. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 130 |
| Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Threeleaf Goldthread USDA COTR2 |
Ojibwa Dye, Yellow Golden-colored roots added to other plant dyes to emphasize the yellow color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426 |
| Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Threeleaf Goldthread USDA COTR2 |
Ojibwa Dye, Yellow Roots boiled to obtain a yellow dye. Jenness, Diamond, 1935, The Ojibwa Indians of Parry Island, Their Social and Religious Life, National Museums of Canada Bulletin #78, Anthropological Series #17, page 114 |
| Coptis trifolia (L.) Salisb. Threeleaf Goldthread USDA COTR2 |
Potawatomi Dye, Yellow Roots cooked with the cloth to dye an indelible yellow. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 122 |
| Coreopsis sp. Tickseed |
Cherokee Dye, Red Whole plant used to give a red coloring. Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74 |
| Coreopsis tinctoria Nutt. Golden Tickseed USDA COTIT |
Cherokee Dye, Red Used to make a red dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59 |
| Coreopsis tinctoria var. tinctoria Golden Tickseed USDA COTIT |
Apache, White Mountain Dye, Red Used as a dark, rich red dye. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Coreopsis tinctoria var. tinctoria Golden Tickseed USDA COTIT |
Zuni Dye, Red Blossoms used with other flowers as a mahogany red dye for yarn. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 80 |
| Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray Pacific Dogwood USDA CONU4 |
Thompson Dye, Black Bark & fir bark boiled into a black dye & used to dye bitter cherry bark for imbricating baskets. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204 |
| Cornus nuttallii Audubon ex Torr. & Gray Pacific Dogwood USDA CONU4 |
Thompson Dye, Brown Bark boiled to make an intense brown dye & used to color bitter cherry bark for imbricating baskets. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 204 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Chippewa Dye, Black Used with grindstone dust or black earth to make a black dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Chippewa Dye, Red Inner bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Chippewa Dye, Red Outer bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Chippewa Dye, Yellow Used with bloodroot and wild plum to make a yellow dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Costanoan Dye, Unspecified Decoction of inner bark used as a dye. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252 |
| Cornus sericea ssp. sericea Redosier Dogwood USDA COSES |
Cree, Woodlands Dye, Brown Infusion of outer bark used to color leather from tan to brown. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 36 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Chippewa Dye, Black Boiled with butternut to make a black dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Chippewa Dye, Black Burs boiled with inner bark of bur oak, added to black earth and butternut and used as a black dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372 |
| Corylus americana Walt. American Hazelnut USDA COAM3 |
Ojibwa Dye, Mordant Seed hulls and butternut boiled together and the hull tannic acid sat the black butternut color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425 |
| Corylus cornuta var. californica (A. DC.) Sharp California Hazelnut USDA COCOC |
Thompson Dye, Blue Roots used to make a bluish dye. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 501 |
| Cucurbita foetidissima Kunth Missouri Gourd USDA CUFO |
Cahuilla Dye, Unspecified Yellow blossoms used as a dye. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 57 |
| Cuscuta compacta Juss. ex Choisy Compact Dodder USDA CUCOC |
Pawnee Dye, Orange Boiled vines used as an orange dye. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 110 |
| Cycloloma atriplicifolium (Spreng.) Coult. Winged Pigweed USDA CYAT |
Hopi Dye, Red Seeds used to produce a pink dye. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74 |
| Dahlia pinnata Cav. Pinnate Dahlia USDA DAPI3 |
Navajo Dye, Orange-Yellow Roots and flowers used as a yellow-orange dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 85 |
| Datisca glomerata (K. Presl) Baill. Durango Root USDA DAGL2 |
Costanoan Dye, Red Roots used as a red dye. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250 |
| Datisca glomerata (K. Presl) Baill. Durango Root USDA DAGL2 |
Costanoan Dye, Yellow Roots used as a yellow dye. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 250 |
| Datisca glomerata (K. Presl) Baill. Durango Root USDA DAGL2 |
Karok Dye, Yellow Roots used as a yellow dye. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386 |
| Datisca glomerata (K. Presl) Baill. Durango Root USDA DAGL2 |
Wintoon Dye, Yellow Used as a yellow dye. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264 |
| Delphinium bicolor Nutt. Little Larkspur USDA DEBIB |
Blackfoot Dye, Blue Flowers used as a light blue dye for quills. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112 |
| Delphinium menziesii DC. Menzies' Larkspur USDA DEMEM |
Thompson Dye, Blue Flowers used as a blue dye for clothing. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502 |
| Delphinium nuttallianum Pritz ex Walp. Nuttal's Larkspur USDA DENU2 |
Okanagan-Colville Dye, Blue Flowers used to make a blue stain for coloring arrows and other items. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119 |
| Delphinium scaposum Greene Tall Mountain Larkspur USDA DESC |
Navajo Dye, Blue Petals used to make blue dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 47 |
| Delphinium sp. Larkspur |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Blue Flower blossoms used to make a blue dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47 |
| Dodecatheon pulchellum ssp. pulchellum Darkthroat Shootingstar USDA DOPUP2 |
Okanagan-Colville Dye, Red Flowers mashed and smeared on arrows to color them pink. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117 |
| Ephedra viridis Coville Mormon Tea USDA EPVI |
Navajo Dye, Brown Twigs and leaves boiled with alum and used as a light tan dye. Lynch, Regina H., 1986, Cookbook, Chinle, AZ. Navajo Curriculum Center, Rough Rock Demonstration School, page 19 |
| Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail USDA EQAR |
Blackfoot Dye, Red Crushed stems used as a light pink dye for porcupine quills. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 112 |