| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Omaha Dye, Black Bark used to make a black dye for porcupine quills. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325 |
| Quercus rubra L. Northern Red Oak USDA QURUR |
Potawatomi Dye, Red-Brown Rushes gathered for mat weaving and boiled with bark to impart a brownish red dye. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 120 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Chippewa Dye, Black Used with grindstone dust or black earth to make a black dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 372 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Chippewa Dye, Red Inner bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370 |
| Quercus texana Buckl. Nuttall Oak USDA QUBU2 |
Choctaw Dye, Red Burned bark and black gum ash added to water and used as a red dye. Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14 |
| Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak USDA QUVE |
Ojibwa Dye, Mordant Bark used for a reddish yellow dye and to set its own color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425 |
| Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak USDA QUVE |
Ojibwa Dye, Red-Yellow Bark used for a reddish yellow dye and to set its own color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425 |
| Quercus virginiana P. Mill. Live Oak USDA QUVI |
Houma Dye, Red Roots and bark boiled to make a red basket dye. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 56 |
| Quercus virginiana P. Mill. Live Oak USDA QUVI |
Mahuna Dye, Black Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a black dye for buckskins. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55 |
| Quercus virginiana P. Mill. Live Oak USDA QUVI |
Mahuna Dye, Brown Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a light or dark brown dye for buckskin. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55 |
| Quercus virginiana P. Mill. Live Oak USDA QUVI |
Mahuna Dye, Gray Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a gray dye for buckskins. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55 |
| Quercus virginiana P. Mill. Live Oak USDA QUVI |
Mahuna Dye, Red Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a red dye for buckskins. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55 |
| Quercus virginiana P. Mill. Live Oak USDA QUVI |
Mahuna Dye, White Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a white dye for buckskins. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55 |
| Quercus virginiana P. Mill. Live Oak USDA QUVI |
Mahuna Dye, Yellow Bark blended with other oak barks and roots and used to make a yellow dye for buckskins. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 55 |
| Quercus ?pauciloba Rydb. (pro sp.) [gambelii ? turbinella] Wavyleaf Oak USDA QUPA4 |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Black Charcoal used as a black pigment for sand paintings. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 22 |
| Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. Pennsylvania Buttercup USDA RAPE2 |
Ojibwa Dye, Red Entire plant boiled to yield a red coloring dye and bur oak added to set the color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 426 |
| Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. Pennsylvania Buttercup USDA RAPE2 |
Potawatomi Dye, Yellow Entire plant boiled with rushes or flags to dye them yellow; used to make mats or baskets. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 123 |
| Ranunculus recurvatus Poir. Blisterwort USDA RARER2 |
Menominee Dye, Red Boiled root used for red coloring. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 79 |
| Rhizophora mangle L. American Mangrove USDA RHMA2 |
Seminole Dye, Unspecified Plant used as a buckskin dye. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 468 |
| Rhus copallinum L. Flameleaf Sumac USDA RHCOC |
Cherokee Dye, Black Berries used to make black dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57 |
| Rhus copallinum L. Flameleaf Sumac USDA RHCOC |
Cherokee Dye, Red Berries used to make red dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Cherokee Dye, Black Berries used to make black dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Cherokee Dye, Red Berries used to make red dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Chippewa Dye, Red Fruit used to make a dull, red dye. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Chippewa Dye, Yellow Inner bark, bloodroot and wild plum inner bark used to make a yellow dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Chippewa Dye, Yellow Stalk pulp used to make a light yellow dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 373 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Kiowa Dye, Orange-Yellow Spring roots used as a yellow, orange dye. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Kiowa Dye, Orange-Yellow Spring roots used as a yellow, orange dye. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Meskwaki Dye, Yellow Root used to dye rush mats and woven bark mats yellow. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 271 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Ojibwa Dye, Orange Inner bark and central pith of the stem mixed with bloodroot and used for the orange color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 424 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Omaha Dye, Yellow Inner bark used to make a yellow dye. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 325 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Omaha Dye, Yellow Roots used to make a yellow dye. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Plains Indian Dye, Black Leaves, bark and roots used to make a black dye. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Plains Indian Dye, Gray Leaves, bark and roots used to make a gray dye. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Plains Indian Dye, Yellow Leaves, bark and roots used to make a yellow-tan dye. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Thompson Dye, Unspecified Juice used as a stain. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Winnebago Dye, Yellow Roots used to make a yellow dye. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99 |
| Rhus sp. Sumac |
Rappahannock Dye, Unspecified Stems, leaves or berries used to make a dark dye. Speck, Frank G., R.B. Hassrick and E.S. Carpenter, 1942, Rappahannock Herbals, Folk-Lore and Science of Cures, Proceedings of the Delaware County Institute of Science 10:7-55., page 30 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Dakota Dye, Mordant Fruits used for the mordant effect. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Dakota Dye, Red Ripe, red fruits boiled with another plant to make a red dye. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Black Twigs and pine gum used to make a black dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Red-Brown Bark and leaves used to make a red-brown dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Red-Brown Berries used to make a pink-tan dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Hopi Dye, Mordant Berries used as a mordant in dying wool and in the preparation of body paint. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 356 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Hualapai Dye, Unspecified Roots boiled and used to make a dye. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 15 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Navajo Dye, Black Leaves used to make black dye for baskets and leather. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Navajo Dye, Blue Used to make a blue dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Navajo Dye, Mordant Ashes used in setting dyes. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 60 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Black Leaves boiled to dye basketry and wool black. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35 |
| Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac USDA RHHI2 |
Cherokee Dye, Black Berries used to make black dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57 |