| Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac USDA RHHI2 |
Cherokee Dye, Red Berries used to make red dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 57 |
| Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac USDA RHHI2 |
Menominee Dye, Yellow Roots boiled for yellow dye. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 77 |
| Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac USDA RHHI2 |
Ojibwa Dye, Orange Inner bark and central pith of the stem mixed with bloodroot and used for the orange color. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 424 |
| Rosa woodsii Lindl. Woods' Rose USDA ROWOW |
Arapaho Dye, Orange Root used to make an orange dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 48 |
| Rubus leucodermis Dougl. ex Torr. & Gray Whitebark Raspberry USDA RULEL |
Thompson Dye, Unspecified Juice squeezed from dark reddish-purple fruits and used as a stain. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 502 |
| Rubus parviflorus Nutt. Thimbleberry USDA RUPAP2 |
Blackfoot Dye, Unspecified Berries used to dye tanned robes. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 122 |
| Rubus vitifolius Cham. & Schlecht. Pacific Dewberry USDA RUVIV |
Luiseno Dye, Unspecified Berry juice used to stain wood. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 232 |
| Rudbeckia hirta L. Blackeyed Susan USDA RUHIH |
Potawatomi Dye, Yellow Disk florets boiled with rushes to dye them yellow. Rushes used to make woven mats. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117 |
| Rumex crispus L. Curly Dock USDA RUCRC |
Cheyenne Dye, Unspecified Used to make a dye. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46 |
| Rumex crispus L. Curly Dock USDA RUCRC |
Cheyenne Dye, Yellow Leaves and stems boiled and used as a yellow dye. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 172 |
| Rumex crispus L. Curly Dock USDA RUCRC |
Choctaw Dye, Yellow Pounded, dry roots boiled and used as a yellow dye. Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 14 |
| Rumex crispus L. Curly Dock USDA RUCRC |
Pima Dye, Yellow Roots pounded, boiled and used to make a yellow dye. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Hopi Dye, Unspecified Root used as an important source of dye. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 73 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Hopi Dye, Unspecified Root used for dye. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 357 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Hualapai Dye, Unspecified Roots used as a dye. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 53 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Navajo Dye, Brown Dried, ground roots used as a brown dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely. When ready for use, the dried roots were ground. By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red. Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained. If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye. When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Navajo Dye, Brown Roots boiled and used to make a medium brown dye for yarn. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Navajo Dye, Green Dried, ground roots used as a green dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely. When ready for use, the dried roots were ground. By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red. Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained. If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye. When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Navajo Dye, Orange Dried, ground roots used as a orange dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely. When ready for use, the dried roots were ground. By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red. Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained. If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye. When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Navajo Dye, Red Dried, ground roots used as a red dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely. When ready for use, the dried roots were ground. By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red. Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained. If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye. When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Navajo Dye, Yellow Dried, ground roots used as a yellow dye. The roots were sometimes dried and stored indefinitely. When ready for use, the dried roots were ground. By this aging process, various shades were obtained, from a greyed yellow to a dull red. Several handfuls of the fresh roots boiled in water yield a lemon yellow, and when more of the root was used and boiled longer, a soft orange or orange brown was obtained. If the mixture was boiled in an iron vessel, the reaction formed a red brown or mahogany dye. When mixed with indigo, a green dye was produced. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Navajo Dye, Yellow Fresh, crushed roots mixed with alum, made into soft paste and rubbed into wool as a gold dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Yellow-Brown Root used as a yellow-brown dye for wool. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Pima Dye, Brown Dry roots crushed, placed in water and used as a brown dye for basket making. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Pima Dye, Red-Brown Dry roots crushed, placed in water and used as a brownish red dye for tanning hides. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51 |
| Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Canaigre Dock USDA RUHY |
Pima Dye, Yellow Dry roots crushed, placed in water and used as a yellow dye for basket making. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 51 |
| Rumex salicifolius var. mexicanus (Meisn.) C.L. Hitchc. Mexican Dock USDA RUSAM |
Houma Dye, Unspecified Roots used to make a dye for cane and palmetto splints in baskets. Speck, Frank G., 1941, A List of Plant Curatives Obtained From the Houma Indians of Louisiana, Primitive Man 14:49-75, page 56 |
| Rumex venosus Pursh Veiny Dock USDA RUVE2 |
Cheyenne Dye, Red Roots and dried leaves boiled and used as a red dye. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 172 |
| Rumex venosus Pursh Veiny Dock USDA RUVE2 |
Cheyenne Dye, Unspecified Used to make a dye. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 46 |
| Rumex venosus Pursh Veiny Dock USDA RUVE2 |
Cheyenne Dye, Yellow Roots and dried leaves boiled and used as a yellow dye. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 172 |
| Rumex venosus Pursh Veiny Dock USDA RUVE2 |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Orange Peeled root used to make a burnt orange dye. The procedure involved was described by children at the Wind River Community Day School as follows: 'We break the roots into inch pieces. We then spread them out very thin on papers. We place them in the sun. We let it get very dry. After it is very dry we put it into water. We let it soak for a few days. We then boil it in the water it has soaked in. After it has boiled a long time we put some alum in it. This sets the color.' Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47 |
| Salix discolor Muhl. Pussy Willow USDA SADI |
Blackfoot Dye, Red Spring buds used to make a red dye. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 32 |
| Salix interior Rowlee Sandbar Willow USDA SAIN3 |
Potawatomi Dye, Red Willow and some other species of willow used for a scarlet dye. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 123 |
| Salix sp. |
Micmac Dye, Black Roots used to make a black dye. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317 |
| Salix sp. |
Montagnais Dye, Black Roots used to make a black dye. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 317 |
| Salvia apiana Jepson White Sage USDA SAAPA |
Cahuilla Drug, Dermatological Aid Crushed leaves and water used as a hair shampoo, dye and hair straightener. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 136 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli American Elder USDA SANIC4 |
Cahuilla Dye, Black Berry juice used as a black dye for basket materials. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli American Elder USDA SANIC4 |
Cahuilla Dye, Orange Stems used to make a orange dye. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli American Elder USDA SANIC4 |
Cahuilla Dye, Purple Berry juice used as a purple dye for basket materials. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138 |
| Sambucus nigra ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli American Elder USDA SANIC4 |
Cahuilla Dye, Yellow Stems used to make a yellow dye. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 138 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Algonquin Drug, Love Medicine Used as a love charm and red dye for skin, clothing and weapons. Bradley, Will T., 1936, Medical Practices of the New England Aborigines, Journal of the American Pharmaceutical Association 25(2):138-147, page 142 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Cherokee Dye, Red Roots used as a red dye in basket making. Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Cherokee Dye, Red Used to make a red dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 26 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Chippewa Dye, Red Roots boiled with the inner barks of other trees and used to make a red dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 371 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Chippewa Dye, Red Roots dug in the fall and used to make a red dye. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 131 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Chippewa Dye, Yellow Double handful of shredded roots boiled with wild plum roots to make a dark yellow dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 374 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Chippewa Dye, Yellow Green or dried roots pounded and steeped to make a dark yellow dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 373 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Iroquois Dye, Orange-Yellow Rhizomes used as a orange/yellow dye for sheets. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 44 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Menominee Dye, Orange-Red Boiled root used to dye mats orange red. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Menominee Dye, Red Boiled root used to dye mats red. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78 |