| Alnus viridis ssp. sinuata (Regel) A.& D. L”ve Sitka Alder USDA ALVIS |
Eskimo, Alaska Dye, Unspecified Bark used for dying reindeer skins. Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Hopi Dye, Red Flowers used to color bread red for certain dances. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Hopi Dye, Red Flowers used to color bread red for certain dances. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Hopi Dye, Unspecified Flowers used to color piki. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 283 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Hopi Food, Cooking Agent Heads dried and used as a brilliant pink dye for wafer bread. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74 |
| Andropogon virginicus L. Broomsedge Bluestem USDA ANVIV |
Cherokee Dye, Yellow Stems, alone or with onion peels, used to make a yellow dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Brown Berries used to make a gray-brown dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49 |
| Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey Crested Pricklypoppy USDA ARPO2 |
Kiowa Dye, Unspecified Leaf ash used under the skin for tattooing. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 29 |
| Argemone polyanthemos (Fedde) G.B. Ownbey Crested Pricklypoppy USDA ARPO2 |
Lakota Dye, Yellow Used as a yellow dye for arrows. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 53 |
| Artemisia frigida Willd. Fringed Sagewort USDA ARFR4 |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Green Leaves used to make a green dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50 |
| Artemisia sp. Sage |
Navajo Dye, Yellow Leaves used to make a soft yellow dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 81 |
| Aruncus dioicus var. vulgaris (Maxim.) Hara Bride's Feathers USDA ARDIV |
Makah Dye, Unspecified Roots used to make dye. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 261 |
| Arundo donax L. Giantreed USDA ARDO4 |
Papago Dye, Yellow Pollen used as a yellow dye. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 51 |
| Asplenium horridum Kaulfuss Lacy Spleenwort USDA ASHO4 |
Hawaiian Dye, Red Juice used as a red dye. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 14 |
| Aster sp. Prairie Aster |
Blackfoot Dye, Unspecified Flowers rubbed by children on bouncing arrows for color. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Hopi Dye, Blue Ashes used to maintain the blue coloring in blue corn meal. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 73 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Hopi Dye, Mordant Ashes used as alkali to maintain blue coloring of piki. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 292 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Navajo Dye, Yellow Leaves and twigs used in coloring wool yellow. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Red Leaf and twig ash used to intensify red color of buckskin dye. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Yellow Young leaves and twigs used to dye wool yellow. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Tewa Dye, Mordant Ashes used as alkali to maintain blue coloring of piki. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 292 |
| Atriplex garrettii Rydb. Garrett's Saltbush USDA ATGA2 |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Yellow Whole plant used to make a yellow dye and set with bitter alum. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47 |
| Atriplex rosea L. Tumbling Saltweed USDA ATRO |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Black Used as a black dye. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24 |
| Baptisia australis (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. Blue Wild Indigo USDA BAAUA |
Cherokee Dye, Blue Used to make a blue dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. Horseflyweed USDA BATI |
Cherokee Dye, Blue Used as a blue dye. Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74 |
| Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. Horseflyweed USDA BATI |
Cherokee Dye, Blue Used to make a blue dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 40 |
| Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. Horseflyweed USDA BATI |
Ojibwa Dye, Unspecified Plant used in the native coloring. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 235 |
| Bazzania trilobata (L.) S. F. Gray. Liverwort |
Montana Indian Dye, Yellow Used as a yellow dye. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 8 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Jemez Dye, Red Bark, mountain mahogany bark and alder bark boiled together and used as red dye to paint moccasins. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21 |
| Betula occidentalis Hook. Water Birch USDA BEOC2 |
Okanagan-Colville Dye, Brown Inner bark used to make a brown dye. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Chippewa Dye, Red Inner bark boiled, cedar ashes added and used to make a red dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 370 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Ojibwa Dye, Red Innermost bark boiled to extract a reddish dye. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Okanagan-Colville Dye, Brown Inner bark used to make a brown dye. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 89 |
| Carex exsiccata Bailey Western Inflated Sedge USDA CAEX5 |
Shoshoni Dye, Black Roots used as black dye in basketry. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 8 |
| Carthamus tinctorius L. Safflower USDA CATI |
Hopi Dye, Yellow Flowers used to color bread yellow for certain dances. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 167 |
| Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. American Chestnut USDA CADE12 |
Cherokee Dye, Brown Bark used to make a brown dye. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 29 |
| Castilleja integra Gray Wholeleaf Indian Paintbrush USDA CAINI5 |
Apache, White Mountain Dye, Unspecified Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Castilleja integra Gray Wholeleaf Indian Paintbrush USDA CAINI5 |
Zuni Dye, Black Root bark used with minerals to color deerskin black. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 80 |
| Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. Scarlet Indian Paintbrush USDA CAMIM5 |
Apache, White Mountain Dye, Unspecified Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Castilleja minor (Gray) Gray Lesser Indian Paintbrush USDA CAMIM6 |
Apache, White Mountain Dye, Unspecified Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Castilleja parviflora Bong. Mountain Indian Paintbrush USDA CAPAP8 |
Apache, White Mountain Dye, Unspecified Root bark used with other substances to color various kinds of skins, especially deer skin. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 156 |
| Castilleja sp. |
Blackfoot Dye, Unspecified Flowers rubbed by children on bouncing arrows for color and shine. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111 |
| Castilleja sp. |
Blackfoot Dye, Yellow Flowers used as a yellow dye for arrow feathers. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 111 |
| Castilleja sp. |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Red-Brown Blossoms used to make a red-tan dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50 |
| Celtis laevigata var. reticulata (Torr.) L. Benson Netleaf Hackberry USDA CELAR |
Navajo Dye, Red-Brown Leaves and branches boiled into a dark brown or red dye for wool. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 41 |
| Cerasus crenulata Greene. Wild Plum |
Navajo Dye, Purple Roots used to color wool purple. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 52 |
| Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Curlleaf Mountain Mahogany USDA CELEL |
Havasupai Dye, Red Inner bark used as a red dye for buckskin. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 222 |
| Cercocarpus montanus Raf. True Mountain Mahogany USDA CEMOM4 |
Isleta Dye, Red Root bark, alder root bark and wild plum root bark used to make a red dye for buckskin. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25 |
| Cercocarpus montanus Raf. True Mountain Mahogany USDA CEMOM4 |
Jemez Dye, Red Bark, alder bark and birch bark boiled together and used as red dye to paint moccasins. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20 |
| Cercocarpus montanus Raf. True Mountain Mahogany USDA CEMOM4 |
Keres, Western Dye, Red Roots used as a red dye for buckskin. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 35 |