| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Cree, Woodlands Dye, Unspecified Infusion of bark applied to darken birch bark used to make baskets. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Cree, Woodlands Dye, Yellow Decoction of catkins used as a yellow dye for quills. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Isleta Dye, Red Root bark, mountain mahogany root bark and wild plum root bark used to make a red dye for buckskin. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Jemez Dye, Red Bark, mountain mahogany bark and birch bark boiled together and used as red dye to paint moccasins. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Keres, Western Dye, Red Soaked bark rubbed on buckskin as a red dye. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 25 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Klamath Dye, Orange Fresh or dried bark boiled and used as an orange dye for coloring horse hair ropes and cinches. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 94 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Montana Indian Dye, Orange Decoction of inner bark used as an orange dye. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Navajo Dye, Brown Bark and twigs used as a brownish dye. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Navajo Dye, Brown Powdered bark used as a tan dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants. The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany. Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material. To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen. This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight. This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Navajo Dye, Red Powdered bark used as a reddish dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants. The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany. Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material. To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen. This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight. This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Red-Brown Bark used to dye buckskin a reddish-brown color. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Okanagan-Colville Dye, Red-Brown Bark and wood used to make red and brown dyes. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Tewa Dye, Red Bark dried, finely ground, boiled, cooled and used as a red dye for deerskin. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 38 |
| Alnus incana ssp. tenuifolia (Nutt.) Breitung Thinleaf Alder USDA ALINT |
Zuni Dye, Red-Brown Bark used to dye deerskin reddish-brown. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 80 |
| Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. White Alder USDA ALRH2 |
Costanoan Dye, Unspecified Juice used as a dye. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 248 |
| Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. White Alder USDA ALRH2 |
Karok Dye, Unspecified Inner bark dried, ground, mixed with flour and water and used as a dye. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382 |
| Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. White Alder USDA ALRH2 |
Mendocino Indian Dye, Unspecified Fresh bark used as a dye to color basket material and deerskins. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 332 |
| Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. White Alder USDA ALRH2 |
Wailaki Dye, Red Fresh bark formerly chewed and used as a red dye to color fishermen's bodies for successful fishing. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 332 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Bella Coola Dye, Red Bark used to make a red dye for cedar bark. Turner, Nancy J., 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Bella Coola Indians of British Columbia, Syesis 6:193-220, page 202 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Ceremonial Items Bark dyed red and used for ritual applications. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Hesquiat Dye, Red Boiled, steeped bark used as a red dye for cedar bark and other items. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Dye, Black Bark used to make a black dye. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Dye, Brown Bark used to make a brown dye. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Dye, Orange Bark used to make an orange dye. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Dye, Red Bark used to make a red dye. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Lummi Dye, Red-Brown Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Dye, Brown Bark used as a brown dye for baskets. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Dye, Red Formerly used to make red basket dyes. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Dye, Red Infusion of crushed bark used to make different shades of red dye. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Oweekeno Dye, Red Bark used to make a red dye. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Quileute Dye, Red-Brown Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Quinault Dye, Red-Brown Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Salish, Coast Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled to make a reddish brown dye and used to color fish nets, baskets, canoes and head rings. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 79 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Snohomish Dye, Red-Brown Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Thompson Dye, Brown Bark boiled in water to make a brown dye and used for mountain goat wool, cloth and other items. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Thompson Dye, Red Bark boiled in water to make a red dye and used for mountain goat wool, cloth and other items. The dye was used to color mountain goat wool and other cloth and to deepen the color of basket materials such as bitter cherry bark. Skins were tanned and dyed simultaneously by soaking them in a cooled solution of the bark. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 188 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Thompson Dye, Red Bark used as a red dye. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 501 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Tolowa Dye, Unspecified Bark used to dye fibers. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Wintoon Dye, Red Inner bark chewed and used as a dull red dye. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 264 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Yurok Dye, Unspecified Bark used to dye fibers. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16 |
| Alnus sp. Alder |
Carrier Dye, Black Used as a black dye for fish nets. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 72 |
| Alnus sp. Alder |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Orange Bark used to make an orange dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 47 |
| Alnus sp. Alder |
Micmac Dye, Unspecified Bark used to make a dye. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Alnus sp. Alder |
Paiute Dye, Orange Bark steeped in water for an orange dye to color moccasins and to decorate knife handles. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64 |
| Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill American Green Alder USDA ALVIC |
Eskimo, Alaska Dye, Orange Bark soaked in water to make a rusty orange dye used to color tanned skins. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35 |
| Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill American Green Alder USDA ALVIC |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Dye, Red-Brown Bark used to make a red tan dye. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill American Green Alder USDA ALVIC |
Iroquois Dye, Brown Used as a brown dye for wool. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 84 |
| Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill American Green Alder USDA ALVIC |
Iroquois Dye, Brown Used as a brown dye for wool. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De L'ile Aux Coudres, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:75-111, page 84 |
| Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill American Green Alder USDA ALVIC |
Okanagan-Colville Dye, Red-Brown Bark and wood used to make red and brown dyes. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 87 |
| Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill American Green Alder USDA ALVIC |
Tanana, Upper Dye, Unspecified Inner bark boiled and liquid used as a dye or soaked bark rubbed directly onto article to be dyed. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5 |