| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Paiute Drug, Respiratory Aid Compound containing dried leaves smoked for asthma. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 106107 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Paiute Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Compound containing dried leaves smoked for tuberculosis. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 106107 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Paiute Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, ground, moistened and made into balls for preservation. Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 319 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Paiute Other, Smoke Plant Roasted, dried leaves and small twigs used for smoking. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 108 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Papago Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 109 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Pima Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 109 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Shoshoni Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Compound of dried leaves smoked for tuberculosis. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 106107 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Shuswap Other, Smoke Plant Mixed with kinnikinnick and red willow and smoked at ceremonies. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 69 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Tewa Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Dried leaves and other plant parts smoked ceremonially. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 103104 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Tewa Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves and other plant parts smoked in pipes and cigarettes. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 103104 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Dried, toasted leaves considered the most important source of tobacco. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, greased, mixed with leaves of other plants and smoked. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Yavapai Other, Smoke Plant Dried stems and leaves used for smoking. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 263 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Zuni Drug, Snake Bite Remedy Smoke blown over body for throbbing from rattlesnake bite. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 54 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Zuni Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves smoked ceremonially. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 95 |
| Nicotiana attenuata Torr. ex S. Wats. Coyote Tobacco USDA NIAT |
Zuni Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked ceremonially. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 95 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Drug, Ear Medicine Leaf smoke blown into the ear and covered with a warm pad for earaches. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Drug, Hunting Medicine Leaves smoked as part of a hunting ritual. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Food, Beverage Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Other, Ceremonial Items Used as an integral part of every ritual. Before a ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions: north, east, west, south and up or center. This helped to clear the area of any malevolent force which might interfere with the ritual. Throughout ceremonies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged to smoke tobacco, as they are even today. At funerals, smoking served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous journey to the other world. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Other, Protection Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana clevelandii Gray Cleveland's Tobacco USDA NICL |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Drug, Ear Medicine Leaf smoke blown into the ear and covered with a warm pad for earaches. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Drug, Hunting Medicine Leaves smoked as part of a hunting ritual. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Food, Beverage Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Other, Ceremonial Items Used as an integral part of every ritual. Before a ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions: north, east, west, south and up or center. This helped to clear the area of any malevolent force which might interfere with the ritual. Throughout ceremonies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged to smoke tobacco, as they are even today. At funerals, smoking served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous journey to the other world. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Other, Protection Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Diegueno Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking. Hedges, Ken, 1986, Santa Ysabel Ethnobotany, San Diego Museum of Man Ethnic Technology Notes, No. 20, page 27 |
| Nicotiana glauca Graham Tree Tobacco USDA NIGL |
Hawaiian Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used for sores and the smoke used for cuts. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 73 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Drug, Ear Medicine Leaf smoke blown into the ear and covered with a warm pad for earaches. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Drug, Hunting Medicine Leaves smoked as part of a hunting ritual. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Food, Beverage Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Other, Ceremonial Items Used as an integral part of every ritual. Before a ritual was conducted, tobacco was smoked by the ritual leaders and shamans and the smoke was blown in the sacred directions: north, east, west, south and up or center. This helped to clear the area of any malevolent force which might interfere with the ritual. Throughout ceremonies, especially those honoring the recent dead, everyone was obliged to smoke tobacco, as they are even today. At funerals, smoking served to concentrate power that would aid the dead in their arduous journey to the other world. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Other, Protection Leaves smoked by travelers to clear away all danger and ensure blessing from spiritual guides. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves chewed, smoked or used in a drinkable decoction. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Havasupai Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked for pleasure. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 240 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Havasupai Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking. Spier, Leslie, 1928, Havasupai Ethnography, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 29(3):101-123, 284-285, page 105 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Plant smoked in pipes for ceremonial purposes only. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 90 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 109 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Hualapai Other, Smoke Plant Used to smoke in ceremonials. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 54 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Mohave Other, Smoke Plant Wild tobacco smoked. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 120 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Papago Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried and smoked. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 27 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Papago Other, Smoke Plant Leaves half or fully dried and smoked. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 36 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Papago Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 108 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Pima Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 108 |
| Nicotiana obtusifolia var. obtusifolia Desert Tobacco USDA NIOBO |
Yuma Other, Smoke Plant Wild tobacco smoked. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 120 |
| Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viviani Tex-mex Tobacco USDA NIPL2 |
Neeshenam Other, Smoke Plant Leaves sun dried, finely cut and smoked. Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 378 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Plants planted, harvested ceremonially and smoked as an important part of every ritual. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for ritual smoking. Ritual smoking was begun by an orderly, who filled the pipe and passed it, unlit, to the man sitting next to the officiating ceremonialist. This man had the favored position because of his wealth in bundle ownership. He drew on the unlit pipe four times and then passed it back to the orderly, who lit the pipe and gave it to the man next to the distinguished bundle owner. This man drew on the pipe four times (not inhaling) and blew the smoke upward. Then the pipe was passed sunwise (clockwise) to each participant until it reached the door of the tipi, whence it was returned to the orderly. The pipe was not passed across the door to the other side of the lodge, where women and children were seated. If the pipe went out during the smoke, it was given to the orderly, who cleaned and refilled it. The manner in which the participant received the pipe varied according to bundle ownership. Thus, a Medicine Pipe bundle owner would grasp the pipe roughly with both hands half clenched, imitating the actions of a bear. A ceremony in which smoking had special significance was the Big Smoke, or All Smoking, ceremony. This ceremony was confined to ceremonialists, diviners, and bundle owners. They gathered for the single purpose of recounting their prestigious and wealthy positions in the tribe. The Big Smoke commenced at sundown and continued until day break, and there was continuous use of many pipes. Four songs were allowed to be sung for each bundle owned; participants would often qualify for sixteen songs or more. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14 |