| Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex Forbes Pacific Silver Fir USDA ABAM |
Nitinaht Drug, Preventive Medicine Boughs placed in fire and smoke inhaled to prevent sickness. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
| Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill. Balsam Fir USDA ABBA |
Ojibwa Drug, Cold Remedy Balsam gum used for colds and leaf smoke inhaled for colds. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 378 |
| Abies grandis (Dougl. ex D. Don) Lindl. Grand Fir USDA ABGRG |
Nitinaht Drug, Unspecified Boughs placed in fire and smoke inhaled to prevent sickness. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 71 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Analgesic Needle smudge smoke inhaled for headaches. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 79 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Blackfoot Drug, Stimulant Needle smudge smoke inhaled for fainting. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 79 |
| Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. Subalpine Fir USDA ABLAL |
Cheyenne Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Burning needle smoke and aroma used to chase away bad influences (illness). Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 5 |
| Abies procera Rehd. Noble Fir USDA ABPR |
Paiute Drug, Cold Remedy Crumbled leaves smoked for colds. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 45 |
| Abies sp. Balsam Fir |
Carrier Other, Hide Preparation Rotten wood used to smoke and tan skins. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 70 |
| Acer glabrum Torr. Rocky Mountain Maple USDA ACGLG2 |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make screens for smoke drying racks. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 59 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Cherokee Drug, Respiratory Aid Dried leaves smoked for catarrh. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 62 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Florets smoked for ceremonial purposes. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Febrifuge Florets placed on coals and smoke inhaled to break a fever. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Potawatomi Other, Protection Seed heads placed on a pan of live coals to produce smoke to keep the witches away. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 117 |
| Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC. Western Yarrow USDA ACMIO |
Ojibwa Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Compound containing flowering heads smoked for ceremonial purposes. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362 |
| Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC. Western Yarrow USDA ACMIO |
Ojibwa Other, Ceremonial Items Flower heads used in the kinnikinnick mixture smoked in medicine lodge ceremonies. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417 |
| Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC. Western Yarrow USDA ACMIO |
Ojibwa Other, Smoke Plant Flower heads used in the kinnikinnick mixture smoked in medicine lodge ceremonies. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Blackfoot Drug, Analgesic Rootstock ground, mixed with tobacco and smoked inhaled for headaches. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 23 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Cheyenne Drug, Analgesic Plant smoked for headaches. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 7 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Cheyenne Drug, Cold Remedy Plant smoked or infusion of roots taken for colds. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 7 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Pulverized root and red willow bark used for smoking. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 171 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Cold Remedy Roots smoked in a pipe for colds. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 24 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Dakota Drug, Cold Remedy Rootstock chewed, decoction taken or smoke treatment used for colds. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Iroquois Drug, Toothache Remedy Roots smoked and the smoke sucked into hollow tooth for toothache. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 278 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Omaha Drug, Cold Remedy Rootstock chewed, decoction taken or smoke treatment used for colds. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Pawnee Drug, Cold Remedy Rootstock chewed, decoction taken or smoke treatment used for colds. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Ponca Drug, Cold Remedy Rootstock chewed, decoction taken or smoke treatment used for colds. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Winnebago Drug, Cold Remedy Rootstock chewed, decoction taken or smoke treatment used for colds. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 69, 70 |
| Adiantum capillus-veneris L. Common Maidenhair USDA ADCA |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Psychological Aid Plant smoked or infusion of plant used for insanity. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 14 |
| Adiantum pedatum L. Northern Maidenhair USDA ADPE |
Cherokee Drug, Heart Medicine Powdered leaves smoked for heart trouble. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 34 |
| Adiantum pedatum L. Northern Maidenhair USDA ADPE |
Cherokee Drug, Respiratory Aid Powdered plant 'snuffed' and smoked for asthma. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 34 |
| Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Indian Walnut USDA ALMO2 |
Hawaiian Drug, Abortifacient Nut shells and gourds burned and the resulting smoke or fumes entered the vagina for swollen wombs. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56 |
| Allium sp. Onion |
Blackfoot Drug, Analgesic Plant smudge smoke inhaled for headaches. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 79 |
| Allium sp. Onion |
Blackfoot Drug, Respiratory Aid Plant smudge smoke inhaled for sinus troubles. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 79 |
| Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. White Alder USDA ALRH2 |
Karok Food, Preservative Wood used to smoke salmon, eels and deer meat. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382 |
| Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. White Alder USDA ALRH2 |
Kawaiisu Other, Hide Preparation Bark smoke used to tan white buckskin yellow. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 10 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Food, Preservative Wood used to smoke fish and meat. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 224 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Other, Smoke Plant Leaves formerly smoked. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus sp. Alder |
Paiute Food, Spice Wood used to smoke deer meat when a smoke flavor was not wanted. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 64 |
| Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill American Green Alder USDA ALVIC |
Eskimo, Alaska Other, Smoke Plant Wood burned to make ashes added to tobacco. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35 |
| Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill American Green Alder USDA ALVIC |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Preservative Bark burned to smoke fish. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Alnus viridis ssp. crispa (Ait.) Turrill American Green Alder USDA ALVIC |
Tanana, Upper Food, Preservative Wood used to smoke fish. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 5 |
| Amaranthus albus L. Prostrate Pigweed USDA AMAL |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Used, with many different plants, to smoke for lewdness, which was performed at the Coyote Chant. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 45 |
| Ambrosia tenuifolia Spreng. Slimleaf Burr Ragweed USDA AMTE5 |
Navajo Other, Smoke Plant Herb mixed with tobacco. Hocking, George M., 1956, Some Plant Materials Used Medicinally and Otherwise by the Navaho Indians in the Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, El Palacio 56:146-165, page 151 |
| Amorpha canescens Pursh Leadplant USDA AMCA6 |
Oglala Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves crushed fine, mixed with buffalo fat and used as a smoking material. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 93 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cherokee Drug, Cold Remedy Warm infusion taken for cold and leaves smoked or chewed for colds. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cherokee Drug, Cough Medicine Leaves and stems smoked for bronchial cough. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cherokee Drug, Respiratory Aid Dried leaves smoked for catarrh. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cherokee Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 48 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cheyenne Drug, Disinfectant Smoke used to purify gift made to the spirits. Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 42 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Ojibwa Drug, Stimulant Powdered flowers sprinkled on coals and smoke inhaled to revive stroke victim. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362363 |