| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Potawatomi Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Flowers smoked in a pipe or smudged on coals to repel evil spirits. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 49 |
| Anemone cylindrica Gray Candle Anemone USDA ANCY |
Ponca Other, Good Luck Charm Wooly fruits used as good luck charms when playing cards. They rubbed their hands in the smoke that resulted from burning some of the wooly fruits for good luck. Some of the chewed fruit would work as well. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 82 |
| Anemone virginiana L. Tall Thimbleweed USDA ANVIV2 |
Meskwaki Drug, Respiratory Aid Smoke of seeds inhaled for catarrh. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 238 |
| Anemone virginiana L. Tall Thimbleweed USDA ANVIV2 |
Meskwaki Drug, Stimulant Smoke of seed pod directed up nostril to revive sick and unconscious patient. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 238 |
| Angelica atropurpurea L. Purplestem Angelica USDA ANAT |
Delaware, Oklahoma Other, Smoke Plant Seeds sometimes mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1942, A Study of Delaware Indian Medicine Practice and Folk Beliefs, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission, page 28 |
| Angelica breweri Gray Brewer's Angelica USDA ANBR5 |
Shoshoni Drug, Cold Remedy Dried, shaved roots smoked in cigarettes for head colds. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 34, 35 |
| Angelica breweri Gray Brewer's Angelica USDA ANBR5 |
Shoshoni Drug, Veterinary Aid Smoke from root compound inhaled by horses for distemper. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 34, 35 |
| Angelica sp. |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Cold Remedy Roots chewed and swallowed or smoked for colds. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 371 |
| Angelica sp. |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Respiratory Aid Root smoked for catarrh. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 371 |
| Angelica tomentosa S. Wats. Woolly Angelica USDA ANTO |
Pomo, Kashaya Drug, Other Root shavings smoked by the shaman when doctoring. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 20 |
| Antennaria rosea Greene Rosy Pussytoes USDA ANROR |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56 |
| Antennaria rosea Greene Rosy Pussytoes USDA ANROR |
Great Basin Indian Other, Smoke Plant Tiny, dried leaves used as an element of kinnikinnick. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50 |
| Antennaria rosea Greene Rosy Pussytoes USDA ANROR |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Roots dried, powdered, put into hot coals at winter dance & smoke used to drive away bad spirits. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75 |
| Antennaria rosea Greene Rosy Pussytoes USDA ANROR |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Roots dried, powdered, put into hot coals at winter dance & smoke used to revive passed out dancers. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75 |
| Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane USDA APAN2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Analgesic Root smoke inhaled for headache. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 354355 |
| Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Spreading Dogbane USDA APAN2 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Love Medicine Leaves chewed and the juice and pulp swallowed or dried leaves smoked as an aphrodisiac. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 72 |
| Aralia racemosa L. American Spikenard USDA ARRAR |
Malecite Drug, Analgesic Roots mixed with red osier dogwood and smoked for headaches. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 248 |
| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Hoh Other, Smoke Plant Leaves sometimes smoked. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Quileute Other, Smoke Plant Leaves sometimes smoked. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Narcotic Leaves smoked to cause intoxication. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238 |
| Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. Eastwood's Manzanita USDA ARGLG3 |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
| Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. Bigberry Manzanita USDA ARGL4 |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Klamath Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Paiute Other, Smoke Plant Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 101 |
| Arctostaphylos patula Greene Greenleaf Manzanita USDA ARPA6 |
Klamath Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
| Arctostaphylos patula Greene Greenleaf Manzanita USDA ARPA6 |
Paiute Other, Smoke Plant Fire dried, pulverized leaves smoked with other plants or alone. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 102 |
| Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth Pointleaf Manzanita USDA ARPU5 |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
| Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth Pointleaf Manzanita USDA ARPU5 |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Good Luck Charm Dried leaves smoked with mountain tobacco to bring good luck. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38 |
| Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl. Woollyleaf Manzanita USDA ARTOT3 |
Hoh Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
| Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl. Woollyleaf Manzanita USDA ARTOT3 |
Quileute Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Crushed leaves smoked with tobacco. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves smoked as tobacco. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 276 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried and mixed with tobacco. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Carrier Other, Smoke Plant Leaves and stems used to smoke. Carrier Linguistic Committee, 1973, Plants of Carrier Country, Fort St. James, BC. Carrier Linguistic Committee, page 74 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Carrier Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Hocking, George M., 1949, From Pokeroot to Penicillin, The Rocky Mountain Druggist, November 1949. Pages 12, 38., page 12 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, mixed with red willow bark and used for pipe smoking. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with skunkbush leaves in the absence of tobacco and smoked. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco or red willow and used to smoke in a pipe. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Chippewa Drug, Analgesic Pulverized, dried leaves compounded and smoked for headache. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 336 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Chippewa Drug, Hunting Medicine Roots smoked in pipes as charms to attract game. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Chippewa Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Clallam Other, Smoke Plant Leaves pulverized and smoked before the introduction of tobacco and presently mixed with tobacco. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cree Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 485 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked in a pipe. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Eskimo, Arctic Other, Smoke Plant Leaves powdered, dried, used as a substitute for tobacco or mixed with the tobacco and smoked. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 23 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as an additive to or substitute for tobacco. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 191 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Flathead Drug, Ear Medicine Smoke from leaves used for earache. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 40 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Great Basin Indian Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as one of the elements in the tobacco mixture. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 49 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Heiltzuk Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked like tobacco. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 239 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Hesquiat Other, Smoke Plant Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 64 |