| Panax quinquefolius L. American Ginseng USDA PAQU |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Dried roots smoked for every ailment or fainting spells. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 396 |
| Panax quinquefolius L. American Ginseng USDA PAQU |
Iroquois Drug, Respiratory Aid Smashed root smoked for asthma. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 395 |
| Perideridia gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Mathias Yampa USDA PEGAB |
Blackfoot Drug, Cough Medicine Root smudge smoke inhaled for nagging coughs. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 72 |
| Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay USDA PEBO |
Seminole Drug, Antidiarrheal Leaves burned and smoke 'smelled' by the baby for raccoon sickness: diarrhea. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 218 |
| Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay USDA PEBO |
Seminole Drug, Pediatric Aid Leaves burned and smoke 'smelled' by the baby for raccoon sickness: diarrhea. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 218 |
| Persea borbonia (L.) Spreng. Redbay USDA PEBO |
Seminole Drug, Psychological Aid Plant burned to smoke the body for insanity. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 293 |
| Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRF |
Eskimo, Alaska Other, Smoke Plant Dried, burned leaves added to chewing tobacco for flavoring. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38 |
| Petasites frigidus (L.) Fries Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRF |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Dried, burned plant ashes added to chewing tobacco. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 189 |
| Petasites frigidus var. nivalis (Greene) Cronq. Arctic Sweet Coltsfoot USDA PEFRN |
Eskimo, Alaska Other, Smoke Plant Dried, burned leaves added to chewing tobacco for flavoring. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 38 |
| Peteria scoparia Gray Rush Peteria USDA PESC3 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Veterinary Aid Smoke from dried tops inhaled by sheep for cough. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 33 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Apache, White Mountain Other, Smoke Plant Reeds filled with tobacco and used as a cigarette. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 159 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Cocopa Other, Smoking Tools Tubular internodes used to smoke tobacco. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Maricopa Other, Smoking Tools Tubular internodes used to smoke tobacco. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122 |
| Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. Common Reed USDA PHAU7 |
Yuma Other, Smoking Tools Tubular stalk internodes used to smoke tobacco. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 122 |
| Physalis lanceolata Michx. Lanceleaf Groundcherry USDA PHHI8 |
Omaha Drug, Unspecified Root used in smoke treatment for unspecified ailments. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113 |
| Physalis lanceolata Michx. Lanceleaf Groundcherry USDA PHHI8 |
Ponca Drug, Unspecified Root used in smoke treatment for unspecified ailments. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113 |
| Physalis lanceolata Michx. Lanceleaf Groundcherry USDA PHHI8 |
Winnebago Drug, Unspecified Root used in smoke treatment for unspecified ailments. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hide Preparation Rotten, dried wood burned in a slow fire to smoke tan hides. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 48 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Koyukon Other, Hide Preparation Rotten wood pulverized, mixed with rotten willow and used to smoke hides. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea glauca (Moench) Voss White Spruce USDA PIGL |
Tanana, Upper Other, Hide Preparation Rotten, reddish-colored wood smoke used to tan moose skins. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 2 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hide Preparation Dry cones mixed with rotten white spruce wood and used to smoke tan hides a golden brown color. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 49 |
| Picea mariana (P. Mill.) B.S.P. Black Spruce USDA PIMA |
Koyukon Other, Hide Preparation Rotten wood pulverized, mixed with rotten willow and used to smoke hides. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 50 |
| Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. Sitka Spruce USDA PISI |
Yurok Fiber, Basketry Roots used to make the horizontal weave in coarse baskets used for drying foods in the smoke house. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 43 |
| Picea sp. Spruce |
Iroquois Other, Smoke Plant Dried roots used to make cigars and smoked. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 36 |
| Pinus banksiana Lamb. Jack Pine USDA PIBA2 |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hide Preparation Dry, open cones mixed with rotten white spruce wood used to smoke tan hides. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 50 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Apache, Mescalero Drug, Cold Remedy Needles burned and smoke inhaled for colds. Basehart, Harry W., 1974, Apache Indians XII. Mescalero Apache Subsistence Patterns and Socio-Political Organization, New York. Garland Publishing Inc., page 35 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Drug, Disinfectant Gum smoke used as disinfectant for family of dead person. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Gum put on hot coals and fumes used to smoke people and their clothes after a funeral. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus edulis Engelm. Twoneedle Pinyon USDA PIED |
Tewa Other, Ceremonial Items Gum put on hot coals and fumes used to smoke people and their clothes after a funeral. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 347 |
| Pinus flexilis James Limber Pine USDA PIFL2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Hunting Medicine Plant smoked by hunters for 'good luck.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 13 |
| Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m. Singleleaf Pinyon USDA PIMOM2 |
Hopi Drug, Disinfectant Gum smoke used as disinfectant for family of dead person. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63 |
| Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m. Singleleaf Pinyon USDA PIMOM2 |
Shoshoni Drug, Cold Remedy Smoke of pitch compound inhaled for colds. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 117118 |
| Pinus monophylla Torr. & Fr‚m. Singleleaf Pinyon USDA PIMOM2 |
Shoshoni Drug, Veterinary Aid Smoke from root compound inhaled by horses for distemper. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 117118 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Plant parts smoked ceremonially. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 63 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Thompson, Upper (Fraser Band) Other, Fuel Dry cones mixed with fir bark to make the best smoke for smoking skins. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499 |
| Pinus ponderosa P.& C. Lawson Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOP |
Thompson, Upper (Lytton Band) Other, Fuel Dry cones mixed with fir bark to make the best smoke for smoking skins. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 499 |
| Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm. Ponderosa Pine USDA PIPOS |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Plant smoked ceremonially. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 348 |
| Pinus rigida P. Mill. Pitch Pine USDA PIRI |
Iroquois Other, Insecticide Smoke from burning leaves used to get rid of fleas. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 267 |
| Pinus sabiniana Dougl. ex Dougl. California Foothill Pine USDA PISA2 |
Kawaiisu Other, Smoke Plant Seeds put into the liquid used to moisten dry tobacco meal and shaped into plugs. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 52 |
| Pinus strobus L. Eastern White Pine USDA PIST |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Leaves burned in spring and fall, smoke used to fill the house and prevent all sickness. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 265 |
| Pinus strobus L. Eastern White Pine USDA PIST |
Iroquois Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Burning branch smoke drove away ghosts from the house of returning people. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 266 |
| Pinus strobus L. Eastern White Pine USDA PIST |
Iroquois Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Smoke from plant used as a wash for a person who has seen a dead person. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 266 |
| Polanisia dodecandra ssp. trachysperma (Torr. & Gray) Iltis Sandyseed Clammyweed USDA PODOT |
Isleta Other, Smoke Plant Dried, rubbed leaves rolled in corn husks to make ceremonial cigarettes. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 38 |
| Polygonum amphibium var. emersum Michx. Longroot Smartweed USDA POAME |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Dried flowers included in the hunting medicine and smoked to attract deer to the hunter. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431 |
| Populus angustifolia James Narrowleaf Cottonwood USDA POAN3 |
Montana Indian Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark used for 'kinnikinnick.' Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19 |
| Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar USDA POBAB2 |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Insecticide Bark burned for a mosquito repelling smoke. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar USDA POBAB2 |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Leaf galls used with or as tobacco. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 188 |
| Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar USDA POBAB2 |
Montana Indian Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark used for 'kinnikinnick.' Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 19 |
| Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar USDA POBAB2 |
Tanana, Upper Other, Preservative Wood used to smoke fish. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4 |
| Populus balsamifera L. Balsam Poplar USDA POBAB2 |
Tanana, Upper Other, Smoke Plant Wood ashes mixed with tobacco and smoked. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 4 |