| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Dakota Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Montana Indian Other, Smoke Plant Used in compound for smoking and the delicate tobacco from flower was never chewed. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 16 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Plant preferred for smoking because of the mild quality. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Pawnee Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Ponca Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Tsimshian Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 350 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis Pursh Indian Tobacco USDA NIQUQ |
Winnebago Other, Smoke Plant Plant cultivated and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 113114 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Costanoan Drug, Cathartic Leaves smoked as a general purgative in social and ritual contexts. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Costanoan Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Leaves smoked as a general purgative in social and ritual contexts. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Costanoan Drug, Ear Medicine Plant smoke blown into the ear for earaches. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Karok Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, powdered and smoked. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 389 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Kawaiisu Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, pulverized, powdered, mixed with liquid, formed into cakes and smoked in hollow stems. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 43 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Mendocino Indian Other, Smoke Plant Light green leaves used for smoking. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 386 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Mewuk Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, pounded and used for smoking. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 356 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Midoo Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, pounded and used for smoking. Merriam, C. Hart, 1966, Ethnographic Notes on California Indian Tribes, University of California Archaeological Research Facility, Berkeley, page 319 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as tobacco. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 115 |
| Nicotiana quadrivalvis var. bigelovii (Torr.) DeWolf Bigelow's Tobacco USDA NIQUB |
Tolowa Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked for leisure. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 41 |
| Nicotiana rustica L. Aztec Tobacco USDA NIRU |
Apalachee Other, Smoke Plant Plant smoked in the pre-ballgame rituals. Hann, John H., 1986, The Use and Processing of Plants by Indians of Spanish Florida, Southeastern Archaeology 5(2):1-102, page 97 |
| Nicotiana rustica L. Aztec Tobacco USDA NIRU |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Smoke blown on toothache. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59 |
| Nicotiana rustica L. Aztec Tobacco USDA NIRU |
Cherokee Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59 |
| Nicotiana rustica L. Aztec Tobacco USDA NIRU |
Iroquois Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking purposes. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 4 |
| Nicotiana rustica L. Aztec Tobacco USDA NIRU |
Iroquois Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used to smoke and if the smoke blew in a streak to one side, it would rain in 24 hours. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 30 |
| Nicotiana rustica L. Aztec Tobacco USDA NIRU |
Iroquois Other, Smoke Plant Smashed roots used for smoking. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 57 |
| Nicotiana rustica L. Aztec Tobacco USDA NIRU |
Pima Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 111 |
| Nicotiana sp. Tobacco |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Plant chewed rather than smoked. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 184 |
| Nicotiana sp. Tobacco |
Luiseno Other, Smoke Plant Plant formerly used as tobacco. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 229 |
| Nicotiana sp. Tobacco |
Yuki Other, Smoke Plant Leaves crushed, stuffed into pipes and smoked. Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 91 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Cherokee Drug, Toothache Remedy Smoke blown on toothache. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Cherokee Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Haisla and Hanaksiala Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for chewing and smoking. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 291 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Hawaiian Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used for sores and the smoke used for cuts. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 73 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Hesquiat Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with kinnikinnick and smoked. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 76 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Iroquois Other, Smoke Plant Smashed roots used for smoking. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 57 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Mohegan Drug, Ear Medicine Smoke blown into the ear for an earache. Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Oweekeno Other, Smoke Plant Leaves chewed and smoked. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 118 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Papago Other, Smoke Plant Leaves half or fully dried and smoked. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 36 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Papago Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 108 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Pima Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 108 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Pima Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1942, Pima and Papago Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. First Edition., page 110 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Rappahannock Drug, Ear Medicine Smoke blown into the ear for an earache. Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Shinnecock Drug, Ear Medicine Smoke blown into the ear for an earache. Carr, Lloyd G. and Carlos Westey, 1945, Surviving Folktales & Herbal Lore Among the Shinnecock Indians, Journal of American Folklore 58:113-123, page 120 |
| Nicotiana tabacum L. Cultivated Tobacco USDA NITA |
Tsimshian Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for chewing. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 350 |
| Oenothera albicaulis Pursh Whitest Eveningprimrose USDA OEAL |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used for tobacco. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 336 |
| Oenothera caespitosa ssp. marginata (Nutt. ex Hook. & Arn.) Munz Tufted Eveningprimrose USDA OECAM4 |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used as substitute for tobacco. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 337 |
| Oenothera villosa ssp. strigosa (Rydb.) W. Dietr. & Raven Hairy Eveningprimrose USDA OEVIS |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Hunting Medicine Dried leaves and tobacco smoked for good luck in hunting. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38 |
| Oplopanax horridus Miq. Devilsclub USDA OPHO |
Cheyenne Drug, Analgesic Root mixed with tobacco and smoked for headache. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12 |
| Oplopanax horridus Miq. Devilsclub USDA OPHO |
Crow Drug, Analgesic Root mixed with tobacco and smoked for headache. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12 |
| Osmorhiza occidentalis (Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray) Torr. Western Sweetroot USDA OSOC |
Shoshoni Drug, Cold Remedy Simple or compound decoction of root taken or pulverized root smoked for colds. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 109110 |
| Panax quinquefolius L. American Ginseng USDA PAQU |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Compound decoction of roots taken or dried roots smoked as a panacea. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 395 |