| Crataegus sp. |
Ojibwa Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Bark smoked to attract deer while hunting. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431 |
| Croton texensis (Klotzsch) Muell.-Arg. Texas Croton USDA CRTET |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Incense & Fragrance Used on large fire to smoke clothes and remove skunk smell. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 35 |
| Datura stramonium L. Jimsonweed USDA DAST |
Cherokee Drug, Respiratory Aid Smoked for asthma. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 41 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used to smoke. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 60 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Costanoan Drug, Cathartic Dried leaves smoked as a purgative. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Costanoan Drug, Hallucinogen Dried leaves smoked as a hallucinogen. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Costanoan Drug, Love Medicine Seeds and tobacco smoked as an aphrodisiac. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Keres, Western Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as tobacco. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 41 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Mahuna Drug, Narcotic Smoked leaves or infusion of leaves taken as a narcotic. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 43 |
| Datura wrightii Regel Sacred Thornapple USDA DAWR2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Hunting Medicine Plant mixed with pollen and smoked by hunters to make deer tame. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42 |
| Dendromecon rigida Benth. Tree Poppy USDA DERIR2 |
Kawaiisu Other, Smoke Plant One or two leaves put into the liquid and used in the preparation of the tobacco plug. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 25 |
| Desmodium sandwicense E. Mey. Hawaii Ticktrefoil USDA DESA81 |
Hawaiian Drug, Respiratory Aid Leaves sun dried, crushed and smoked in a pipe for asthma. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 51 |
| Dyssodia papposa (Vent.) A.S. Hitchc. Fetid Marigold USDA DYPA |
Keres, Western Drug, Other Plant smoked for epileptic fits. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33 |
| Echinacea angustifolia DC. Blacksamson Echinacea USDA ECANA |
Dakota Drug, Analgesic Plant used in smoke treatment for headache. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 131 |
| Echinacea angustifolia DC. Blacksamson Echinacea USDA ECANA |
Dakota Drug, Veterinary Aid Plant used in smoke treatment for horses with distemper. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 131 |
| Echinacea angustifolia DC. Blacksamson Echinacea USDA ECANA |
Omaha Drug, Analgesic Plant used in smoke treatment for headache. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 131 |
| Echinacea angustifolia DC. Blacksamson Echinacea USDA ECANA |
Omaha Drug, Veterinary Aid Plant used in smoke treatment for horses with distemper. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 131 |
| Echinacea angustifolia DC. Blacksamson Echinacea USDA ECANA |
Pawnee Drug, Analgesic Plant used in smoke treatment for headache. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 131 |
| Echinacea angustifolia DC. Blacksamson Echinacea USDA ECANA |
Pawnee Drug, Veterinary Aid Plant used in smoke treatment for horses with distemper. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 131 |
| Echinacea angustifolia DC. Blacksamson Echinacea USDA ECANA |
Ponca Drug, Analgesic Plant used in smoke treatment for headache. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 131 |
| Echinacea angustifolia DC. Blacksamson Echinacea USDA ECANA |
Ponca Drug, Veterinary Aid Plant used in smoke treatment for horses with distemper. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 131 |
| Echinacea angustifolia DC. Blacksamson Echinacea USDA ECANA |
Winnebago Drug, Analgesic Plant used in smoke treatment for headache. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 131 |
| Echinacea angustifolia DC. Blacksamson Echinacea USDA ECANA |
Winnebago Drug, Veterinary Aid Plant used in smoke treatment for horses with distemper. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 131 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Sioux Drug, Analgesic Plant used in the smoke treatment for headache. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Echinacea pallida (Nutt.) Nutt. Pale Purple Coneflower USDA ECPA |
Sioux Drug, Veterinary Aid Plant used in the smoke treatment for horses with distemper. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 38 |
| Equisetum sp. Mare's Tail |
Koyukon Other, Fuel Blades used to produce smoke in smudge fires. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 56 |
| Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa Rubber Rabbitbrush USDA ERNAN5 |
Cheyenne Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of flower parts taken or burning plant smoke inhaled for colds. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20 |
| Ericameria nauseosa ssp. nauseosa var. nauseosa Rubber Rabbitbrush USDA ERNAN5 |
Cheyenne Drug, Psychological Aid Burning leaf and branch smoke used to drive away the cause of nightmares. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 20 |
| Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia Fleabane USDA ERPHP |
Ojibwa Drug, Cold Remedy Smoke of dried flowers inhaled for headcold. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 364 |
| Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia Fleabane USDA ERPHP |
Ojibwa Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Disk florets smoked to attract the buck deer. They say that cows and deer eat the blossoms. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 429 |
| Erigeron philadelphicus L. Philadelphia Fleabane USDA ERPHP |
Ojibwa Other, Smoke Plant Plant used in the smoking tobacco or kinnikinnick mixture. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 398 |
| Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. California Yerbasanta USDA ERCA6 |
Costanoan Drug, Respiratory Aid Decoction of plant used or leaves chewed or smoked for asthma. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 13 |
| Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. California Yerbasanta USDA ERCA6 |
Miwok Drug, Cold Remedy Leaves smoked in form of cigarette for colds. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 169 |
| Eriodictyon californicum (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. California Yerbasanta USDA ERCA6 |
Miwok Drug, Cough Medicine Leaves smoked in form of cigarette for coughs. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 169 |
| Eriogonum divaricatum Hook. Divergent Buckwheat USDA ERDI5 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Snake Bite Remedy Plant smoked for snakebites. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 19 |
| Eriogonum jamesii Benth. James' Buckwheat USDA ERJAJ |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Psychological Aid Plant smoked when disturbed by dreaming of tobacco worms. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 19 |
| Eurybia macrophylla (L.) Cass. Bigleaf Aster USDA EUMA27 |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Plant smoked as one of the hunting charms to attract deer. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 429 |
| Euthamia graminifolia var. graminifolia Flattop Goldentop USDA EUGRG |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Flowers used in the hunting medicine and smoked to simulate the odor of a deer's hoof. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 429 |
| Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. Sweet Fennel USDA FOVU |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used as a substitute for tobacco. Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 20 |
| Foeniculum vulgare P. Mill. Sweet Fennel USDA FOVU |
Hopi Other, Smoke Plant Plant used as a substitute for tobacco. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 86, 87 |
| Frasera speciosa Dougl. ex Griseb. Showy Frasera USDA FRSP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Psychological Aid Dried leaves mixed with mountain tobacco and smoked to 'clear the mind if lost.' Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 39 |
| Fremontodendron californicum (Torr.) Coville California Flannelbush USDA FRCA6 |
Kawaiisu Fiber, Building Material Bark made into cordage and tied in a loop to upper ends of poles to make a winterhouse smoke hole. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 32 |
| Gaultheria procumbens L. Eastern Teaberry USDA GAPR2 |
Cherokee Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as a substitute for chewing tobacco. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 61 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Food, Spice Leaves used to flavor smoked fish. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 299 |
| Gaultheria shallon Pursh Salal USDA GASH |
Makah Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, pulverized and smoked with kinnikinnick. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 43 |
| Gayophytum ramosissimum Torr. & Gray Pinyon Groundsmoke USDA GARA2 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant used as a lotion for cuts. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 33 |
| Gayophytum ramosissimum Torr. & Gray Pinyon Groundsmoke USDA GARA2 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Psychological Aid Plant used for the effects of a dream of a spider bite. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 33 |
| Gayophytum ramosissimum Torr. & Gray Pinyon Groundsmoke USDA GARA2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Hemostat Poultice applied to cuts as a hemostatic. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 37 |
| Geum triflorum Pursh Prairiesmoke USDA GETRT |
Blackfoot Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of plant taken as a general tonic for severe coughs. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 72 |
| Geum triflorum Pursh Prairiesmoke USDA GETRT |
Blackfoot Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of roots and grease applied as a salve to sores, rashes, blisters and flesh wounds. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 76 |