| Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana Foothill Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Cheyenne Other, Ceremonial Items Plant used for many ceremonial purposes. On ceremonial occasions it is spread about the borders of a lodge in a special way. Other uses are to wipe off ceremonial paint; or to purify, by wiping off, with a bundle of the sage, the body of one who has committed some fault--violated some tabu. It is used by Contraries to wipe off the ground in a lodge where a Contrary had been seated. The dried leaves are burned on the coal to make a smoke used in purifying implements or utensils used in ceremony; or to smoke, and so purify, the body of an individual. This is to drive away bad spirits, and particularly to drive away a bad or ominous dream had by a sick person, which dream may remain in the mind of the person and trouble him. It may be mixed with 'motsinists' (Lomatium dissectum var. multifidum)--a small pinch of each in about the same quantity--for the same purpose. The patient who is being smoked sits over the coal on which the sage is being sprinkled, with a blanket over the body and the coal in order to confine the smoke. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 190 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana ssp. ludoviciana Foothill Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Chippewa Drug, Antidote Smoke of burned flowers inhaled as antidote for 'bad medicine.' Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366 |
| Artemisia tilesii Ledeb. Tilesius' Wormwood USDA ARTIT |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Used as a tobacco quid additive. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 186 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Okanagon Other, Hide Preparation Used to smoke hides. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Thompson Drug, Panacea Dried branch smoke used to fumigate the house, to protect the inhabitants against sickness. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 172 |
| Artemisia tridentata Nutt. Big Sagebrush USDA ARTRT |
Thompson Other, Hide Preparation Used to smoke hides. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 40 |
| Asclepias eriocarpa Benth. Woollypod Milkweed USDA ASER |
Costanoan Drug, Respiratory Aid Burning dried plant smoke inhaled for asthma. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 12 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Jemez Drug, Stimulant Leaves put unto a fire and smoke used to revive badly hurt, weak and faint person. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20 |
| Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Fr‚m.) S. Wats. Shadscale Saltbush USDA ATCO |
Hopi Drug, Anticonvulsive Plant burned and smoke inhaled for epileptic medicine. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 293 |
| Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats. Big Saltbush USDA ATLEL |
Cahuilla Drug, Cold Remedy Dried leaves smoked for head colds. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 45 |
| Atriplex obovata Moq. Mound Saltbush USDA ATOB |
Hopi Drug, Anticonvulsive Plant burned and smoke inhaled for epileptic medicine. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 293 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Blackfoot Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Root smudge smoke inhaled for body aches. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 78 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Blackfoot Other, Incense & Fragrance Roots used as incense during the preparatory rites for the ceremonial runner. The ceremonial runner, in pre-horse days, had the duty of herding the buffalo toward the piskun (buffalo jump). The runner bathed himself in the smoke from a smudge of the dried root; according to tradition, that would enable him to run long distances--more than twenty miles a day. The runner wore special moccasins, which were transferable annually. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47 |
| Berlandiera lyrata Benth. Lyreleaf Greeneyes USDA BELY |
Keres, Western Drug, Psychological Aid Dried roots burned, ground & tossed on hot coals or smoke inhaled to give courage. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33 |
| Berlandiera lyrata Benth. Lyreleaf Greeneyes USDA BELY |
Keres, Western Drug, Sedative Dried roots burned, ground & tossed on hot coals or smoke inhaled for nervousness. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 33 |
| Betula nana L. Bog Birch USDA BENA |
Eskimo, Alaska Other, Fuel Shrub burned to smoke fish. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Preservative Soft, rotten wood burned to make a slow, smoky fire to smoke cure meat and fish. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Cooking Tools Wood used for upright supports and cross bars of the smoke curing rack. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula papyrifera Marsh. Paper Birch USDA BEPAP |
Cree, Woodlands Other, Hide Preparation Dried rotten wood with other rotten woods used to smoke tan hides. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 32 |
| Betula pumila var. glandulifera Regel Glandulose Birch USDA BEPUG |
Ojibwa Drug, Respiratory Aid Smoke of cones inhaled for catarrh. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 358 |
| Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & Gray) Gray Purple Poppymallow USDA CAINI4 |
Dakota Drug, Analgesic Smoke of dried root used to bathe aching body parts. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 103 |
| Callirhoe involucrata (Torr. & Gray) Gray Purple Poppymallow USDA CAINI4 |
Dakota Drug, Cold Remedy Root smoke inhaled for head cold. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 103 |
| Calochortus leichtlinii Hook. f. Smokey Mariposa USDA CALE3 |
Paiute, Northern Food, Dried Food Roots dried and eaten. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44 |
| Calochortus leichtlinii Hook. f. Smokey Mariposa USDA CALE3 |
Paiute, Northern Food, Soup Roots dried and eaten or ground and cooked in soup. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44 |
| Calochortus leichtlinii Hook. f. Smokey Mariposa USDA CALE3 |
Paiute, Northern Food, Vegetable Roots and tubers peeled and eaten roasted or raw. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 44 |
| Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood Crinkleroot USDA CADI10 |
Cherokee Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 59 |
| Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh Redstem Ceanothus USDA CESA |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Preservative Wood used to smoke deer meat. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119 |
| Ceanothus sp. California Lilac |
Paiute Other, Smoke Plant Dried, mashed leaves mixed with tobacco. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 89 |
| Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook. Snowbrush Ceanothus USDA CEVEV4 |
Shuswap Other, Insecticide Smoke from plant used to kill bedbugs. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 65 |
| Chamaebatiaria millefolium (Torr.) Maxim. Fernbush USDA CHMI2 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Hunting Medicine Leaves rolled in corn husk smoked for good luck in hunting. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 30 |
| Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. Pipsissewa USDA CHUMC2 |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as the favorite smoking tobacco. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277 |
| Chimaphila umbellata (L.) W. Bart. Pipsissewa USDA CHUMC2 |
Montana Indian Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried and smoked. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 34 |
| Chimaphila umbellata ssp. occidentalis (Rydb.) Hult‚n Pipsissewa USDA CHUMO2 |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used in the tobacco mixture. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 49 |
| Cicuta maculata L. Spotted Water Hemlock USDA CIMAM |
Chippewa Other, Smoke Plant Seeds mixed with tobacco and smoked. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 377 |
| Cicuta maculata L. Spotted Water Hemlock USDA CIMAM |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Root used in hunting medicine smoked to attract the buck deer near enough to shoot with bow & arrow. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432 |
| Clematis ligusticifolia Nutt. Western White Clematis USDA CLLIL2 |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Smoke Plant Stem smoked by children. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117 |
| Cleome multicaulis DC. Slender Spiderflower USDA CLMU |
Navajo Other, Tools Stalks used as a drill to start fires. The brittle stalks, about an inch in diameter were used for the drills which were whirled between the palms of the hands and were made to revolve on the edge of a larger stalk into which a notch had been cut. A pinch of sand was sometimes placed under the point of the drill which caused the wood to become a fine powder. This powder then ran down the notch and formed a little pile on the ground. Smoke was produced in less than a minute and in about two minutes tiny sparks dropped onto the pile of dry powder which took fire from them. By carefully feeding the fire with bits of dried bark and grass and with much blowing, a blaze was produced. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 51 |
| Cocos nucifera L. Coconut Palm USDA CONU |
Hawaiian Drug, Abortifacient Fruit shells burned and the smoke used for swollen wombs. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 73 |
| Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. Sweet Fern USDA COPE80 |
Malecite Drug, Respiratory Aid Plants smoked and used for catarrh. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 248 |
| Conioselinum scopulorum (Gray) Coult. & Rose Rocky Mountain Hemlockparsley USDA COSC2 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Respiratory Aid Plant smoked for catarrh. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 34 |
| Conyza canadensis var. canadensis Canadian Horseweed USDA COCAC3 |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Disk florets smoked as one of the hunting charms. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 429 |
| Cornus alternifolia L. f. Alternateleaf Dogwood USDA COAL2 |
Menominee Other, Smoke Plant Plant used for Indian tobacco, known as 'kinnikinnick.' Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 32, 33 |
| Cornus alternifolia L. f. Alternateleaf Dogwood USDA COAL2 |
Menominee Other, Smoke Plant Toasted inner bark used for smoking tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80 |
| Cornus alternifolia L. f. Alternateleaf Dogwood USDA COAL2 |
Ojibwa Other, Smoke Plant Bark used for kinnikinnick. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417 |
| Cornus amomum P. Mill. Silky Dogwood USDA COAM2 |
Dakota Other, Smoke Plant Dried inner bark used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367 |
| Cornus amomum P. Mill. Silky Dogwood USDA COAM2 |
Dakota Other, Smoke Plant Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107 |
| Cornus amomum P. Mill. Silky Dogwood USDA COAM2 |
Menominee Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant known as kinnikinnick and bark smoked ceremonially. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 32 |
| Cornus amomum P. Mill. Silky Dogwood USDA COAM2 |
Menominee Other, Smoke Plant Toasted inner bark used for smoking tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 80 |
| Cornus amomum P. Mill. Silky Dogwood USDA COAM2 |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Dried inner bark used either alone or with tobacco for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331 |
| Cornus amomum P. Mill. Silky Dogwood USDA COAM2 |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Fragrant inner bark dried and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 107 |