| Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell Prairie Rose USDA ROARS |
Dakota Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
| Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell Prairie Rose USDA ROARS |
Dakota Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
| Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell Prairie Rose USDA ROARS |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
| Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell Prairie Rose USDA ROARS |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
| Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell Prairie Rose USDA ROARS |
Pawnee Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
| Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell Prairie Rose USDA ROARS |
Pawnee Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
| Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell Prairie Rose USDA ROARS |
Ponca Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark sometimes used alone or with tobacco for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
| Rosa arkansana var. suffulta (Greene) Cockerell Prairie Rose USDA ROARS |
Ponca Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark, alone or mixed with tobacco, used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 85 |
| Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. Dwarf Rose USDA ROGY |
Okanagon Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. Dwarf Rose USDA ROGY |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Dried, toasted, powdered leaves and bark occasionally used for smoking. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
| Rosa gymnocarpa Nutt. Dwarf Rose USDA ROGY |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Rumex crispus L. Curly Dock USDA RUCRC |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Dried seeds smoked as a favorable lure to game when mixed with kinnikinnick. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431 |
| Salix alaxensis (Anderss.) Coville Feltleaf Willow USDA SAALA |
Eskimo, Alaska Other, Smoke Plant Plant gathered in late summer, burned to ashes and added to chewing tobacco. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 34 |
| Salix lasiolepis Benth. Arroyo Willow USDA SALAL2 |
Mendocino Indian Other, Smoke Plant Inner bark portions dried, powdered and used as substitutes for chewing tobacco. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 331 |
| Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow USDA SALUL2 |
Montagnais Other, Smoke Plant Dried bark smoked as a substitute for tobacco. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 315 |
| Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow USDA SALUL2 |
Ojibwa Other, Smoke Plant Peeled, toasted and flaked bark used for kinnikinnick or smoking mixture. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 422 |
| Salix lucida Muhl. Shining Willow USDA SALUL2 |
Penobscot Drug, Respiratory Aid Bark smoked for asthma. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 309 |
| Salix scouleriana Barratt ex Hook. Scouler's Willow USDA SASC |
Shuswap Food, Preservative Wood used to smoke salmon. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 68 |
| Salix sp. |
Chippewa Other, Smoke Plant Used for smoking and general utility. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 378 |
| Salix sp. |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves added to tobacco in place of shelf fungus. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 182 |
| Salix sp. |
Micmac Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as tobacco. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Salix sp. |
Tanana, Upper Fiber, Building Material Stems and branches used as the siding on a smoke house. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 7 |
| Salvia apiana Jepson White Sage USDA SAAPA |
Cahuilla Drug, Cold Remedy Leaves eaten, smoked and used in the sweathouse for colds. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 136 |
| Salvia dorrii ssp. dorrii var. incana (Benth.) Strachan Purple Sage USDA SADOI |
Hopi Drug, Anticonvulsive Smoke blown in face or plant taken in a drink for epilepsy or faintness. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 33, 91 |
| Salvia dorrii ssp. dorrii var. incana (Benth.) Strachan Purple Sage USDA SADOI |
Paiute Drug, Cold Remedy Compound of dried plant smoked for colds. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 136137 |
| Salvia dorrii ssp. dorrii var. incana (Benth.) Strachan Purple Sage USDA SADOI |
Washo Drug, Respiratory Aid Dried leaves smoked in a pipe to clear congested nasal passages. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 136137 |
| Sanguinaria canadensis L. Bloodroot USDA SACA13 |
Iroquois Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Smoke from plant used as a wash for a person who has seen a dead person. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 336 |
| Sedum debile S. Wats. Orpine Stonecrop USDA SEDE |
Gosiute Other, Smoke Plant Leaves formerly used to smoke. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381 |
| Senecio flaccidus var. flaccidus Threadleaf Groundsel USDA SEFLF |
Jemez Drug, Stimulant Plant placed on hot coals and smoke stimulated faint and sick person. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 27 |
| Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Russet Buffaloberry USDA SHCA |
Gitksan Other, Cash Crop Berries smoke dried and used for trade. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236 |
| Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Russet Buffaloberry USDA SHCA |
Nuxalkmc Other, Cash Crop Berries smoke dried and used for trade. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236 |
| Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Russet Buffaloberry USDA SHCA |
Thompson Food, Bread & Cake Soapberries dried on mats and formed into cakes. The berries were gathered in the summer, but were not hand picked because they were too soft. A clean mat was placed underneath the bush, then a branch laden with fruit was held and hit with a stick until the fruit fell off. The ripe berries were then placed in a basket, heated with hot rocks and spread out on mats or on a layer of 'timbergrass' set on a scaffolding and allowed to dry. A small fire was lit beneath so that the smoke would drive away the flies. The dried soapberry cakes were then broken off, placed in a birch bark basket with water and 'swished' with a whisk of maple bark tied to a stick. The mixture was originally sweetened with the 'white' variety of saskatoon berries that were dried and soaked in water to reconstitute them. More recently, sugar was added to the whip to sweeten it. The sweetened froth was served in small containers, first to the men and then to the women, as a sort of dessert or confection. It was said that the soapberries must never come into contact with grease or oil or the berries would not whip. One informant said that special containers were used for the preparation of soapberries, not for cooking or any other purpose, so that the berries could be kept free of grease. It was said that pregnant women should never eat the soapberry whip. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 209 |
| Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Russet Buffaloberry USDA SHCA |
Tsimshian Other, Cash Crop Berries smoke dried and traded. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 331 |
| Shepherdia canadensis (L.) Nutt. Russet Buffaloberry USDA SHCA |
Tsimshian, Coast Other, Cash Crop Berries smoke dried and used for trade. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 236 |
| Shinnersoseris rostrata (Gray) S. Tomb Beaked Skeletonweed USDA SHRO2 |
Navajo Drug, Sedative Plant smoked as a sedative. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 88 |
| Silene menziesii Hook. Menzies' Campion USDA SIMED |
Gosiute Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves powdered and formerly used to smoke as a tobacco. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 381 |
| Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup Plant USDA SIPEP |
Omaha Drug, Analgesic Root used in smoke treatment for neuralgia. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
| Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup Plant USDA SIPEP |
Omaha Drug, Analgesic Smoke from burning plant inhaled for pain. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 334 |
| Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup Plant USDA SIPEP |
Omaha Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Root used in smoke treatment for rheumatism. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
| Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup Plant USDA SIPEP |
Omaha Drug, Cold Remedy Root used in smoke treatment for headcold. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
| Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup Plant USDA SIPEP |
Omaha Drug, Cold Remedy Smoke from burning plant inhaled for head colds. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 334 |
| Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup Plant USDA SIPEP |
Ponca Drug, Analgesic Root used in smoke treatment for neuralgia. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
| Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup Plant USDA SIPEP |
Ponca Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Root used in smoke treatment for rheumatism. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
| Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup Plant USDA SIPEP |
Ponca Drug, Cold Remedy Root used in smoke treatment for headcold. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
| Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup Plant USDA SIPEP |
Winnebago Drug, Analgesic Root used in smoke treatment for neuralgia. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
| Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup Plant USDA SIPEP |
Winnebago Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Root used in smoke treatment for rheumatism. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
| Silphium perfoliatum L. Cup Plant USDA SIPEP |
Winnebago Drug, Cold Remedy Root used in smoke treatment for headcold. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 132 |
| Sium suave Walt. Hemlock Waterparsnip USDA SISU2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Seeds smoked over a fire to drive away and blind evil spirit that steals away one's hunting luck. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432 |
| Smallanthus uvedalius (L.) Mackenzie ex Small Hairy Leafcup USDA SMUV |
Iroquois Drug, Sedative Dried root smoke used as rub to sleep without being disturbed by ghosts. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 467 |
| Solanum nigrum L. Black Nightshade USDA SOPT3 |
Costanoan Drug, Toothache Remedy Plant smoke inhaled for toothaches. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 14 |