| Psorothamnus polydenius var. polydenius Nevada Smokebush USDA PSPOP |
Shoshoni Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Simple or compound decoction of plant taken and used as a wash for smallpox. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 64-66 |
| Psorothamnus polydenius var. polydenius Nevada Smokebush USDA PSPOP |
Shoshoni Drug, Pulmonary Aid Plant used in several ways for pneumonia. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 64-66 |
| Psorothamnus polydenius var. polydenius Nevada Smokebush USDA PSPOP |
Shoshoni Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Plant used in several ways for tuberculosis. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 64-66 |
| Psorothamnus polydenius var. polydenius Nevada Smokebush USDA PSPOP |
Shoshoni Drug, Urinary Aid Decoction of plant tops taken for kidney pain and urine incontinence. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 64-66 |
| Psorothamnus polydenius var. polydenius Nevada Smokebush USDA PSPOP |
Shoshoni Drug, Venereal Aid Decoction of plant taken for venereal diseases. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 64-66 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Clallam Other, Cooking Tools Fronds used to cover berry baskets and to wipe fish before hanging up to smoke. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 194 |
| Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn Western Brackenfern |
Ojibwa Drug, Analgesic Smoke from dried leaves on coals used for headaches. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 382 |
| Pterospora andromedea Nutt. Woodland Pinedrops USDA PTAN2 |
Jemez Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves smoked in the kiva. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26 |
| Pulsatilla patens ssp. multifida (Pritz.) Zamels Pacific Anemone USDA ANMUH2 |
Blackfoot Drug, Analgesic Ripe seed head 'cotton' burned on hot coals and the smoke inhaled for headaches. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 35 |
| Quercus bicolor Willd. Swamp White Oak USDA QUBI |
Iroquois Drug, Respiratory Aid Compound of leaves smoked and exhaled through the nostrils for catarrh. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 303 |
| Quercus nigra L. Water Oak USDA QUNI |
Kiowa Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as a substitute for paper in rolling cigarettes. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 21 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Neeshenam Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Burning pitch smoke inhaled for rheumatism. Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Neeshenam Drug, Cold Remedy Burning pitch smoke inhaled for colds. Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374 |
| Quercus sp. Red Oak |
Neeshenam Drug, Cough Medicine Burning pitch smoke inhaled for coughs. Powers, Stephen, 1874, Aboriginal Botany, Proceedings of the California Academy of Science 5:373-9., page 374 |
| Quercus stellata Wangenh. Post Oak USDA QUST |
Kiowa Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as cigarette wrappers for the peyote ceremony. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 22 |
| Ranunculus pensylvanicus L. f. Pennsylvania Buttercup USDA RAPE2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Seeds smoked in hunting medicine to lure buck deer near enough for a shot with bow and arrow. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 431 |
| Rhamnus ilicifolia Kellogg Hollyleaf Redberry USDA RHIL |
Kawaiisu Drug, Analgesic Plant smoke inhaled for headaches. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 58 |
| Rhamnus ilicifolia Kellogg Hollyleaf Redberry USDA RHIL |
Kawaiisu Drug, Antirheumatic (Internal) Plant smoke inhaled for rheumatism. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 58 |
| Rhus aromatica Ait. Fragrant Sumac USDA RHARA2 |
Lakota Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 32 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Chippewa Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried and smoked. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 135 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Comanche Other, Smoke Plant Leaves added to tobacco for smoking. Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 524 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Creek Drug, Other Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked for 'all cephalic and pectoral complaints.' Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 659 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Dakota Other, Smoke Plant Dried, red leaves used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Dakota Other, Smoke Plant Red leaves dried and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Dakota Other, Smoke Plant Scarlet leaves gathered in the fall and dried for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, Some Native Nebraska Plants With Their Uses by the Dakota, Collections of the Nebraska State Historical Society 17:358-70, page 367 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Gosiute Other, Smoke Plant Leaves formerly used to smoke. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 379 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Kiowa Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves smoked in a mixture of tobacco. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Kiowa Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves smoked in a mixture of tobacco. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 37 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Lakota Other, Smoke Plant Red, autumn leaves used to smoke. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 33 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Dried, deveined, red leaves broken fine and used for smoking in the absence of kinnikinnick. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 331 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Dried, red leaves used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Omaha Other, Smoke Plant Red leaves dried and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Pawnee Other, Smoke Plant Dried, red leaves used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Pawnee Other, Smoke Plant Red leaves dried and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Plains Indian Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used to make a tobacco mixture. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 55 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Ponca Other, Smoke Plant Dried, red leaves used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Ponca Other, Smoke Plant Red leaves dried and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Tewa Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked as tobacco. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 47 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Winnebago Other, Smoke Plant Dried, red leaves used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99 |
| Rhus glabra L. Smooth Sumac USDA RHGL |
Winnebago Other, Smoke Plant Red leaves dried and used for smoking. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 99, 100 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 180 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, mixed with tobacco and smoked. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 14 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Keresan Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves mixed with native tobacco and used for smoking. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 563 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Kiowa Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39 |
| Rhus trilobata Nutt. Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Kiowa Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39 |
| Rhus trilobata var. trilobata Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Kiowa Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39 |
| Rhus trilobata var. trilobata Skunkbush Sumac USDA RHTRT |
Kiowa Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Vestal, Paul A. and Richard Evans Schultes, 1939, The Economic Botany of the Kiowa Indians, Cambridge MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 39 |
| Rhus typhina L. Staghorn Sumac USDA RHHI2 |
Potawatomi Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco to cause it to smoke pleasantly. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116 |
| Rorippa sinuata (Nutt.) A.S. Hitchc. Spreading Yellowcress USDA ROSI2 |
Zuni Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of plant used as a wash and smoke from blossoms used for inflamed eyes. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 59 |