| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Hoh Drug, Unspecified Leaves smoked as medicine. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Hoh Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves smoked during religious ceremonies. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Hoh Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried and smoked. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Jemez Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves smoked as tobacco. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Keresan Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with native-grown tobacco for smoking. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 559 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Kwakiutl Drug, Narcotic Leaves smoked as a narcotic. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Lakota Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as tobacco. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 44 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Makah Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Montana Indian Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 7 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Good Luck Charm Dried leaves smoked with mountain tobacco to bring good luck. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 38 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Nitinaht Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried or roasted and smoked. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Nitinaht Other, Smoke Plant Leaves roasted, crushed and smoked. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 297 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Nootka Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 104 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Ojibwa Drug, Narcotic Leaves smoked to cause intoxication. Reagan, Albert B., 1928, Plants Used by the Bois Fort Chippewa (Ojibwa) Indians of Minnesota, Wisconsin Archeologist 7(4):230-248, page 238 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Smoke Plant Leaves toasted and used as a tobacco. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 101 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Okanagon Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Paiute Other, Smoke Plant Roasted, dried leaves mixed with tobacco and smoked. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 100 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Pawnee Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked like tobacco. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Pawnee Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used for smoking, like tobacco. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 108 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Potawatomi Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 118 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Quileute Drug, Unspecified Leaves smoked as medicine. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Quileute Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves smoked during religious ceremonies. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Quileute Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried and smoked. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 66 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Salish, Coast Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried and smoked or mixed with tobacco and smoked. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 82 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Shuswap Other, Smoke Plant Leaves roasted until dry, mashed and mixed with tobacco. Palmer, Gary, 1975, Shuswap Indian Ethnobotany, Syesis 8:29-51, page 62 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Skagit, Upper Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as a tobacco substitute. Theodoratus, Robert J., 1989, Loss, Transfer, and Reintroduction in the Use of Wild Plant Foods in the Upper Skagit Valley, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 23(1):35-52, page 42 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Dried or toasted leaves alone or mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Too much smoking of these leaves was said to make one dizzy. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 211 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Dried, toasted leaves mixed with tobacco for smoking. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Arenaria macradenia S. Wats. Mojave Sandwort USDA ARMAM4 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Analgesic Dried root smoke inhaled for headaches. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 12 |
| Arenaria macradenia S. Wats. Mojave Sandwort USDA ARMAM4 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Respiratory Aid Dried root smoke inhaled to clear the sinuses. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 12 |
| Arenaria sp. Sandwort |
Shoshoni Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used to make tobacco mixture for smoking. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 61 |
| Artemisia californica Less. California Sagebrush USDA ARCA11 |
Cahuilla Other, Smoke Plant Leaves chewed fresh or dried and smoked after mixing with tobacco and other leaves. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 42 |
| Artemisia californica Less. California Sagebrush USDA ARCA11 |
Luiseno Other, Ceremonial Items Plant and white sage used to build a ceremonial hunting fire before hunting. The hunters stood around the fire and in its smoke before hunting because they believed that the fire and smoke would absolve them of any breach of social observances they might have committed which would otherwise have brought them bad luck. Sparkman, Philip S., 1908, The Culture of the Luiseno Indians, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 8(4):187-234, page 199 |
| Artemisia douglasiana Bess. Douglas' Sagewort USDA ARDO3 |
Costanoan Other, Tools Burned branches used to smoke bees from nests. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 254 |
| Artemisia douglasiana Bess. Douglas' Sagewort USDA ARDO3 |
Pomo, Kashaya Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves used as tobacco. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 119 |
| Artemisia dracunculus L. Wormwood USDA ARDR4 |
Omaha Drug, Unspecified Plant used in the smoke treatment of unspecified illnesses. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134 |
| Artemisia dracunculus L. Wormwood USDA ARDR4 |
Pawnee Drug, Unspecified Plant used in the smoke treatment of unspecified illnesses. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134 |
| Artemisia dracunculus L. Wormwood USDA ARDR4 |
Ponca Drug, Unspecified Plant used in the smoke treatment of unspecified illnesses. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134 |
| Artemisia dracunculus L. Wormwood USDA ARDR4 |
Winnebago Drug, Unspecified Plant used in the smoke treatment of unspecified illnesses. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 134 |
| Artemisia frigida Willd. Fringed Sagewort USDA ARFR4 |
Blackfoot Other, Insecticide Plant put on a fire to attract horses that run to the smoke because it kept flies & mosquitoes away. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 87 |
| Artemisia frigida Willd. Fringed Sagewort USDA ARFR4 |
Blackfoot Other, Insecticide Plant put on campfire coals and the smoke repelled the mosquitoes. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 109 |
| Artemisia frigida Willd. Fringed Sagewort USDA ARFR4 |
Chippewa Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of leaves taken or leaf smoke inhaled for biliousness. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 364 |
| Artemisia frigida Willd. Fringed Sagewort USDA ARFR4 |
Kutenai Other, Ceremonial Items Plant burned and smoke used in religious ceremonies. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 45 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Blackfoot Other, Insecticide Plant put on a fire to attract horses that run to the smoke because it kept flies & mosquitoes away. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 87 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Meskwaki Drug, Veterinary Aid Smudge of leaves used to 'smoke ponies when they have the distemper.' Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 211 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Sioux Other, Smoke Plant Plant used in smoking tobacco. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 417 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Thompson Other, Fuel Plant used on the fire in the first smoking of a hide during the curing process. The smoke from this plant was supposed to soften the hide. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Thompson Other, Insecticide Plant burned and the smoke used as a good smudge against mosquitoes. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170 |
| Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt. Louisiana Sagewort USDA ARLUL2 |
Thompson Other, Protection Plant used as incense to protect one against evil influences. If one had to go into a large crowd, he could smoke himself with this plant to protect himself against strangers who might bring him harm. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 170 |