| Solanum tuberosum L. Irish Potato USDA SOTU |
Makah Food, Vegetable Potatoes dipped in oil and eaten with smoked fish. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 314 |
| Solidago canadensis L. Canada Goldenrod USDA SOCAC3 |
Navajo, Kayenta Other, Smoke Plant Roots smoked with other tobaccos. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 50 |
| Solidago ulmifolia Muhl. ex Willd. Elmleaf Goldenrod USDA SOULU2 |
Meskwaki Drug, Stimulant Smoke of smudged plant directed up nostrils to revive unconscious patient. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 218 |
| Sonchus asper (L.) Hill Spiny Sowthistle USDA SOAS |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Heart Medicine Plant smoked or taken for palpitations. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 50 |
| Symphoricarpos albus (L.) Blake Common Snowberry USDA SYALA |
Blackfoot Other, Paint Green twigs burned and smoke used to blacken newly made pipes. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 59 |
| Symphyotrichum cordifolium (L.) Nesom Common Blue Wood Aster USDA SYCO4 |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Root used to make a smoke or incense to attract deer near enough to shoot it with a bow and arrow. A number of the composites as well as plants from other families are used in the hunting charms. The deer carries its scent or spoor in between its toes, and wherever the foot is impressed into the ground, other animals can detect its presence. This allows dogs to track them. It is a peculiar scent and the Ojibwe tries successfully to counterfeit it with roots and herbs. The root of this aster is but one of nineteen that can be used. They say that the white man drives the deer away when he smokes cigarettes or cigars, but the Indian bring them closer. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 428 |
| Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve Smooth Aster USDA SYLAL3 |
Meskwaki Drug, Herbal Steam Entire plant used to furnish smoke in sweatbath. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 211212 |
| Symphyotrichum laeve var. laeve Smooth Aster USDA SYLAL3 |
Meskwaki Drug, Stimulant Smoke forced into nostrils of unconscious patient to revive him. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 211212 |
| Symphyotrichum lanceolatum ssp. hesperium var. hesperium (Gray) Nesom Siskiyou Aster USDA SYLAH6 |
Zuni Drug, Hemostat Smoke from crushed blossoms inhaled for nosebleed. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 43 |
| Symphyotrichum lateriflorum var. lateriflorum Calico Aster USDA SYLAL7 |
Meskwaki Drug, Herbal Steam Entire plant used as a smoke or steam in sweatbath. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 212 |
| Symphyotrichum novae-angliae (L.) Nesom New England Aster USDA SYNO2 |
Chippewa Drug, Hunting Medicine Roots smoked in pipes as a charm to attract game. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376 |
| Symphyotrichum praealtum var. praealtum Willowleaf Aster USDA SYPRP |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Hunting Medicine Dried leaves smoked for good luck in hunting. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 48 |
| Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum Purplestem Aster USDA SYPUP |
Chippewa Drug, Hunting Medicine Root tendrils smoked with tobacco as a charm to attract game. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 376 |
| Taenidia integerrima (L.) Drude Yellow Pimpernel USDA TAIN |
Ojibwa Drug, Hunting Medicine Seeds smoked in a pipe when one goes hunting for they will bring him luck. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 432 |
| Tanacetum vulgare L. Common Tansy USDA TAVU |
Ojibwa Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Yellow flowers used in the odorous hunting mixture smoked to attract deer. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 429 |
| Tauschia parishii (Coult. & Rose) J.F. Macbr. Parish's Umbrellawort USDA TAPA5 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Analgesic Dried root smoke inhaled for head pains. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66 |
| Tauschia parishii (Coult. & Rose) J.F. Macbr. Parish's Umbrellawort USDA TAPA5 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Analgesic Dried root smoke used for eye pains. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66 |
| Tauschia parishii (Coult. & Rose) J.F. Macbr. Parish's Umbrellawort USDA TAPA5 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Cold Remedy Dried root smoke inhaled for head colds. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66 |
| Tauschia parishii (Coult. & Rose) J.F. Macbr. Parish's Umbrellawort USDA TAPA5 |
Kawaiisu Drug, Eye Medicine Dried root smoke used for eye pains. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66 |
| Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific Yew USDA TABR2 |
Clallam Other, Smoke Plant Needles mixed with tobacco and smoked. Fleisher, Mark S., 1980, The Ethnobotany of the Clallam Indians of Western Washington, Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 14(2):192-210, page 199 |
| Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific Yew USDA TABR2 |
Klallam Other, Smoke Plant Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific Yew USDA TABR2 |
Samish Other, Smoke Plant Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Pacific Yew USDA TABR2 |
Swinomish Other, Smoke Plant Needles dried, pulverized and used in place of tobacco for smoking. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 16 |
| Tetradymia canescens DC. Spineless Horsebrush USDA TECA2 |
Navajo, Ramah Other, Protection Burning leaf smoke used by undertakers after a burial to prevent the ghost from following. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 53 |
| Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall. Purple Meadowrue USDA THDA |
Potawatomi Drug, Hunting Medicine Dried seeds smoked while hunting to bring good luck. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 123 |
| Thalictrum dasycarpum Fisch. & Av‚-Lall. Purple Meadowrue USDA THDA |
Potawatomi Drug, Love Medicine Seeds mixed with tobacco and smoked when going to call upon a favorite lady friend. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 123 |
| Thamnosma montana Torr. & Fr‚m. Turpentinebroom USDA THMO |
Shoshoni Drug, Cold Remedy Decoction of stems taken or dried stems smoked with tobacco for colds. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 145146 |
| Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards. Prairie Thermopsis USDA THRH |
Cheyenne Drug, Analgesic Dried leaves burned and smoke inhaled for headaches. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 30 |
| Thermopsis rhombifolia (Nutt. ex Pursh) Nutt. ex Richards. Prairie Thermopsis USDA THRH |
Cheyenne Drug, Cold Remedy Dried leaves burned and smoke inhaled for colds. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 30 |
| Thuja occidentalis L. Eastern Arborvitae USDA THOC2 |
Ojibwa Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Smoke used to purify sacred objects, hands and persons of participants. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 380 |
| Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don Western Redcedar USDA THPL |
Hanaksiala Other, Ceremonial Items Bark used in the fire dancer's headdress to produce sparks and fire. A baking powder can with a copper tube in front and a flexible hose in the back was filled with burning red cedar outer bark. An aide to the Fire Dancer blew on the hose in the back to produce sparks and smoke at the front of the headdress, which concealed the can and embers. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 162 |
| Thymophylla acerosa (DC.) Strother Pricklyleaf Dogweed USDA THAC |
Keres, Western Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco for the flavor. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 24 |
| Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. Clasping Venus' Lookingglass USDA TRPE4 |
Meskwaki Other, Smoke Plant Smoked at ceremonies. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 272 |
| Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg. Western Hemlock USDA TSHE |
Hanaksiala Other, Hide Preparation Bark used to smoke hides into a dark brown color. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 180 |
| Ulmus rubra Muhl. Slippery Elm USDA ULRU |
Iroquois Drug, Respiratory Aid Compound of leaves smoked and exhaled through the nostrils for catarrh. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 305 |
| Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. California Laurel USDA UMCAC |
Costanoan Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Burning leaf smoke used to drive ground squirrels from burrows. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249 |
| Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. California Laurel USDA UMCAC |
Costanoan Other, Insecticide Burning leaf smoke used to rid one of fleas. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 7 |
| Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. California Laurel USDA UMCAC |
Costanoan Other, Insecticide Burning leaf smoke used to rid one of fleas. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 249 |
| Umbellularia californica (Hook. & Arn.) Nutt. California Laurel USDA UMCAC |
Yurok Other, Good Luck Charm Leaves burned, to take bad luck away, in the house or the smoke waved over people as they leave. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 59 |
| Vaccinium caespitosum Michx. Dwarf Blueberry USDA VACAC3 |
Gosiute Other, Smoke Plant Leaves formerly dried and used as a tobacco. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 384 |
| Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. Ovalleaf Blueberry USDA VAOV |
Okanagon Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. Ovalleaf Blueberry USDA VAOV |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |
| Vaccinium ovalifolium Sm. Ovalleaf Blueberry USDA VAOV |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked as a 'kinnikinnick.' Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
| Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Small Cranberry USDA VAOX |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Fruit Berries stewed and eaten with smoked fish. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47 |
| Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Small Cranberry USDA VAOX |
Cree, Woodlands Food, Fruit Berries stewed and eaten with smoked fish. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 47 |
| Vaccinium parvifolium Sm. Red Huckleberry USDA VAPA |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Leaves smoked as a 'kinnikinnick.' Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
| Vaccinium sp. Blueberry |
Thompson Other, Smoke Plant Leaves of several species smoked as 'kinnikinnick.' Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 495 |
| Vaccinium vitis-idaea ssp. minus (Lodd.) Hult‚n Northern Mountain Cranberry USDA VAVIM |
Eskimo, Inuktitut Other, Smoke Plant Leaves used as a tobacco additive or substitute. Wilson, Michael R., 1978, Notes on Ethnobotany in Inuktitut, The Western Canadian Journal of Anthropology 8:180-196, page 183 |
| Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Sitka Valerian USDA VASI |
Blackfoot Other, Smoke Plant Leaves sometimes used in the tobacco mixture. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56 |
| Valeriana sitchensis Bong. Sitka Valerian USDA VASI |
Okanagon Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with other plant leaves and smoked. Perry, F., 1952, Ethno-Botany of the Indians in the Interior of British Columbia, Museum and Art Notes 2(2):36-43., page 39 |