| Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla USDA ARNU2 |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of roots given to children for kidney disorders. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 205 |
| Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla USDA ARNU2 |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Beverage Berries used to make wine. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 115 |
| Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla USDA ARNU2 |
Chippewa Drug, Hemostat Chewed, fresh root or dried, powdered root used for nosebleed. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 356 |
| Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla USDA ARNU2 |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Panacea Powdered roots and many other herbs used for various ailments. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 29 |
| Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla USDA ARNU2 |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Powdered root applied to split skin between the toes. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 394 |
| Aralia nudicaulis L. Wild Sarsaparilla USDA ARNU2 |
Penobscot Drug, Cough Medicine Compound infusion of powdered root taken for coughs. Speck, Frank G., 1917, Medicine Practices of the Northeastern Algonquians, Proceedings of the 19th International Congress of Americanists Pp. 303-321, page 310 |
| Aralia racemosa L. American Spikenard USDA ARRAR |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Infusion of roots and spurge taken for sugar diabetes. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 204 |
| Aralia racemosa L. American Spikenard USDA ARRAR |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of roots taken for tuberculosis. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 204 |
| Aralia racemosa L. American Spikenard USDA ARRAR |
Chippewa Drug, Orthopedic Aid Compound poultice of root or decoction of root applied to fractured bone. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 366 |
| Aralia racemosa L. American Spikenard USDA ARRAR |
Malecite Drug, Analgesic Roots mixed with red osier dogwood and smoked for headaches. Mechling, W.H., 1959, The Malecite Indians With Notes on the Micmacs, Anthropologica 8:239-263, page 248 |
| Aralia spinosa L. Devil's Walkingstick USDA ARSP2 |
Cherokee Drug, Poison Green roots considered poisonous. Witthoft, John, 1947, An Early Cherokee Ethnobotanical Note, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 37(3):73-75, page 74 |
| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Karok Food, Dried Food Berries steamed, dried and stored for future use. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387 |
| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Karok Food, Frozen Food Berries steamed, dried, stored and soaked in warm water before eating. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387 |
| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Karok Other, Containers Leaves placed over maple leaves in earth oven, forming last layer before oven covered with earth. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387 |
| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Karok Other, Containers Leaves used to cover stored madrono berries. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 387 |
| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Miwok Food, Winter Use Food Dried berries stored for winter consumption, chewed but never swallowed. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161 |
| Arbutus menziesii Pursh Pacific Madrone USDA ARME |
Pomo, Kashaya Food, Winter Use Food Berries parched and stored for the winter. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 67 |
| Arctium lappa L. Greater Burrdock USDA ARLA3 |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Roots dried by the fire and stored away for winter use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 120 |
| Arctium sp. Burdock |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of powdered plant applied to cuts. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 475 |
| Arctostaphylos alpina (L.) Spreng. Alpine Bearberry USDA ARAL2 |
Koyukon Food, Winter Use Food Berries stored in grease or oil and eaten with fish or meat. Nelson, Richard K., 1983, Make Prayers to the Raven--A Koyukon View of the Northern Forest, Chicago. The University of Chicago Press, page 55 |
| Arctostaphylos canescens Eastw. Hoary Manzanita USDA ARCAC7 |
Karok Food, Dried Food Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. Eastwood's Manzanita USDA ARGLG3 |
Cahuilla Food, Dried Food Berries sun dried and stored for future use. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
| Arctostaphylos glandulosa Eastw. Eastwood's Manzanita USDA ARGLG3 |
Pomo, Kashaya Food, Dried Food Dried, pounded berries stored for later use and made into pinole, cakes or mixed with water. Goodrich, Jennie and Claudia Lawson, 1980, Kashaya Pomo Plants, Los Angeles. American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, page 68 |
| Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. Bigberry Manzanita USDA ARGL4 |
Cahuilla Food, Dried Food Berries sun dried and stored for future use. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
| Arctostaphylos glauca Lindl. Bigberry Manzanita USDA ARGL4 |
Kawaiisu Food, Beverage Berries used to make a beverage. Berries were covered with a thin layer of dirt and sifted in a yaduci so that the dirt fell through. Then they were sprinkled with water, kneaded with the hands, mashed and soaked 'in the sun' for about a half day. The yaduci was used as a sieve to remove the berry pulp from the infusion which could be drunk thus or mixed with chia. Water could be drained through the berry pulp a second time. The liquid was said to be sweet and fattening. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 11 |
| Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry Whiteleaf Manzanita USDA ARMAM2 |
Karok Food, Dried Food Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry Whiteleaf Manzanita USDA ARMAM2 |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Poison Fruit considered poisonous. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375 |
| Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry Whiteleaf Manzanita USDA ARMAM2 |
Mendocino Indian Food, Winter Use Food Ripe berries stored as a winter use food. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375 |
| Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry Whiteleaf Manzanita USDA ARMAM2 |
Miwok Food, Winter Use Food Dried berries stored for winter consumption, chewed but never swallowed. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161 |
| Arctostaphylos manzanita Parry Whiteleaf Manzanita USDA ARMAM2 |
Pomo Other, Soap Leaves boiled and the yellowish red extract used as a cleansing body wash. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 375 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Karok Food, Dried Food Berries dried and stored in storage baskets for future use. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 388 |
| Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray Pinemat Manzanita USDA ARNE |
Klamath Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
| Arctostaphylos patula Greene Greenleaf Manzanita USDA ARPA6 |
Atsugewi Food, Bread & Cake Berries made into flour, molded into cakes and stored for later use. Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138 |
| Arctostaphylos patula Greene Greenleaf Manzanita USDA ARPA6 |
Atsugewi Food, Winter Use Food Berries made into flour, molded into cakes and stored for later use. Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 138 |
| Arctostaphylos patula Greene Greenleaf Manzanita USDA ARPA6 |
Klamath Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
| Arctostaphylos patula Greene Greenleaf Manzanita USDA ARPA6 |
Klamath Other, Smoke Plant Dried leaves mixed with tobacco and used for smoking. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
| Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth Pointleaf Manzanita USDA ARPU5 |
Cahuilla Food, Dried Food Berries sun dried and stored for future use. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 40 |
| Arctostaphylos pungens Kunth Pointleaf Manzanita USDA ARPU5 |
Yavapai Food, Beverage Fresh or stored pulverized berries put in mouth, solid matter spat out and juice sucked. Sometimes the liquid was expressed by squeezing the moistened pulverized mass with the two hands. Gifford, E. W., 1932, The Southeastern Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 29:177-252, page 213 |
| Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern. Red Fruit Bearberry USDA ARRU |
Eskimo, Arctic Food, Forage Berries eaten greedily by bears and ptarmigan. Porsild, A.E., 1953, Edible Plants of the Arctic, Arctic 6:15-34, page 23 |
| Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern. Red Fruit Bearberry USDA ARRU |
Eskimo, Inupiat Food, Winter Use Food Berries and salmonberries stored in barrels for future use. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 109 |
| Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern. Red Fruit Bearberry USDA ARRU |
Tanana, Upper Food, Fruit Berries used for food. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10 |
| Arctostaphylos rubra (Rehd. & Wilson) Fern. Red Fruit Bearberry USDA ARRU |
Tanana, Upper Other, Season Indicator Red leaves indicated fattened moose and the time to hunt them. Kari, Priscilla Russe, 1985, Upper Tanana Ethnobotany, Anchorage. Alaska Historical Commission, page 10 |
| Arctostaphylos sp. Manzanita |
Costanoan Food, Dried Food Fruit dried and stored for winter use. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 252 |
| Arctostaphylos sp. Manzanita |
Hualapai Food, Dried Food Berries dried and stored for future use. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 46 |
| Arctostaphylos sp. Manzanita |
Paiute Food, Dried Food Fruit sun dried, stored in buckskin bags and hung up for winter use. Steward, Julian H., 1933, Ethnography of the Owens Valley Paiute, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 33(3):233-250, page 245 |
| Arctostaphylos tomentosa (Pursh) Lindl. Woollyleaf Manzanita USDA ARTOT3 |
Miwok Food, Winter Use Food Dried berries stored for winter consumption, chewed but never swallowed. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 161 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves mixed with tobacco, dried cambium or red osier dogwood and used in all religious bundles. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 14 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cheyenne Drug, Unspecified Berries used as an ingredient in medicinal mixtures. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Leaves dried, mixed with red willow bark and used for pipe smoking. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 25 |
| Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng. Kinnikinnick USDA ARUV |
Cheyenne Other, Smoke Plant Leaves mixed with tobacco or red willow and used to smoke in a pipe. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 183 |