| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Hesquiat Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used for carved dishes and canoe bailers. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Hesquiat Other, Cooking Tools Wood used for carved dishes and canoe bailers. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Hesquiat Other, Fuel Wood considered a good fuel for smoking fish. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Hoh Drug, Unspecified Infusion of bark used for medicine. Reagan, Albert B., 1936, Plants Used by the Hoh and Quileute Indians, Kansas Academy of Science 37:55-70, page 61 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Karok Fiber, Basketry Roots used to make baskets. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 382 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Karok Fiber, Basketry Stems used in basketry. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Karok Other, Tools Water soaked stems used for lashing in the sweat house. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 16 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kitasoo Other, Fuel Wood used for drying and smoking salmon both as a fuel and as a flavoring agent. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 328 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kitasoo Other, Preservative Wood used for drying and smoking salmon both as a fuel and as a flavoring agent. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 328 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Klallam Drug, Antidiarrheal Catkins chewed for diarrhea. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Analgesic Poultice of bark applied to sores and aches. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Antihemorrhagic Bark held in women's mouth for blood spitting. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of bark applied or infusion of bark rubbed on sores, aches and eczema. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Respiratory Aid Infusion of bark taken for tuberculosis and asthma. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Bark held in women's mouth for tuberculosis. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of bark taken or bark held in women's mouth for tuberculosis. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Drug, Analgesic Poultice of bark, fresh sea wrack and black twinberry applied for aches and pains. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 260 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Dye, Black Bark used to make a black dye. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Dye, Brown Bark used to make a brown dye. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Dye, Orange Bark used to make an orange dye. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Dye, Red Bark used to make a red dye. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Ceremonial Items Wood used to carve masks. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to carve dishes and spoons. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make bowls and large tubs for tribal feasts. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 279 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Fuel Wood used for fire when drying salal berry cakes. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 282 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Musical Instrument Wood used to carve rattles. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 296 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Lummi Dye, Red-Brown Bark made into a red to brown dye and used to make fish nets invisible to fish. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Fiber, Furniture Wood used to make baby cradles. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 27 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Other, Containers Cones used to store elderberries in the creeks. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to cook halibut heads and salmonberry sprouts. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make bowls and dishes. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Other, Preservative Wood used for smoking and drying fish. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Makah Other, Smoke Plant Leaves formerly smoked. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for bruises. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Internal Medicine Infusion of bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for undiagnosed internal injuries. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Orthopedic Aid Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for broken bones and ribs. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Pulmonary Aid Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for lung ailments. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of crushed bark, western hemlock and grand fir barks taken for tuberculosis. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Drug, Unspecified Bark used for medicine. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Dye, Brown Bark used as a brown dye for baskets. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Dye, Red Formerly used to make red basket dyes. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 79 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Dye, Red Infusion of crushed bark used to make different shades of red dye. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Fiber, Canoe Material Wood used to make canoe bailers. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Other, Ceremonial Items Wood used for making masks, ceremonial rattles and model canoes. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Other, Cooking Tools Leaves and branches placed over and beneath food in steaming pits and kettles. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make bowls. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Other, Fuel Wood used as a fuel for drying and smoking fish and meats. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 98 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Other, Preservative Wood used for smoking and drying fish. Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Nitinaht Other, Water Indicator 'If you see a creek without alder along its banks, the water isn't good to drink.' Gill, Steven J., 1983, Ethnobotany of the Makah and Ozette People, Olympic Peninsula, Washington (USA), Washington State University, Ph.D. Thesis, page 243 |
| Alnus rubra Bong. Red Alder USDA ALRU2 |
Oweekeno Dye, Red Bark used to make a red dye. Compton, Brian Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 86 |