| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Apache, Western Food, Fruit Fruit eaten raw. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Apache, Western Food, Pie & Pudding Seeds ground with corn into a pudding. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Apache, Western Food, Porridge Seeds roasted, ground and mixed with water to make a mush. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Apache, Western Other, Ceremonial Items Whole fruit mashed, water added and mixture drunk after a two day burial in a dry place. The drink was consumed immediately after the two-day burial and said to be better than tiswin. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Apache, Western Other, Containers Burls used as containers. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Apache, Western Other, Cooking Tools Burls used as vessels or cups. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Papago Food, Bread & Cake Seeds parched, stored and used to make meal cakes. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 20 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Papago Food, Dried Food Fruits dried, stored in jars and used as sweets. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 46 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Papago Other, Tools Perforations bored in sticks and used to smooth rough cords. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 70 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Yavapai Food, Beverage Dried fruit pressed into bricks and kept for later use, pieces broken off and stirred in water. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 260 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Yavapai Food, Dried Food Dried fruit smeared with fresh fruit juice, made into slabs and dried for later use. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 260 |
| Carthamus tinctorius L. Safflower USDA CATI |
Hopi Food, Cooking Agent Flowers used to color wafer bread yellow. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 95 |
| Carya alba (L.) Nutt. ex Ell. Mockernut Hickory USDA CAAL27 |
Choctaw Other, Insecticide Leaves 'scattered about to drive away fleas.' Bushnell, Jr., David I., 1909, The Choctaw of Bayou Lacomb, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana, SI-BAE Bulletin #48, page 24 |
| Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch Pecan USDA CAIL2 |
Comanche Food, Winter Use Food Nuts stored for winter use. Carlson, Gustav G. and Volney H. Jones, 1940, Some Notes on Uses of Plants by the Comanche Indians, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 25:517-542, page 531 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Meskwaki Food, Winter Use Food Nuts stored for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 259 |
| Carya ovata (P. Mill.) K. Koch Shagbark Hickory USDA CAOV2 |
Potawatomi Food, Winter Use Food Hickory nuts gathered for winter use. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 103 |
| Cassiope tetragona (L.) D. Don White Arctic Mountain Heather USDA CATET |
Eskimo, Alaska Fiber, Building Material Plant, mosses and lichens gathered for insulating houses against cold. Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715 |
| Castilleja affinis Hook. & Arn. Indian Paintbrush USDA CAAFA2 |
Costanoan Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of plant used as a wash or powdered plant applied to infected sores. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 15 |
| Castilleja affinis Hook. & Arn. Indian Paintbrush USDA CAAFA2 |
Costanoan Drug, Disinfectant Decoction of plant used as a wash or powdered plant applied to infected sores. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 15 |
| Castilleja hispida Benth. Harsh Indian Paintbrush USDA CAHIH2 |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Bright flowers covered with snail slime and used to trap hummingbirds. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Hopi Drug, Contraceptive Decoction of plant used as a contraceptive. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 35, 91 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Hopi Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of plant used to ease menstrual difficulties. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 35, 91 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Used ceremonially as the 'Red Flower' associated with the southeast direction. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 297 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Used ceremonially as the Red Flower associated with the southeast direction. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 91 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Hopi Other, Paint Root chewed, mixed with white clay and the juice used to decorate artificial squash blossoms. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 91 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Tewa Other, Ceremonial Items Used ceremonially as the 'Red Flower' associated with the southeast direction. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 297 |
| Castilleja linariifolia Benth. Wyoming Indian Paintbrush USDA CALI4 |
Tewa of Hano Other, Decorations Red flowers painted on pottery and carved in wood as decorations. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 54 |
| Castilleja miniata Dougl. ex Hook. Scarlet Indian Paintbrush USDA CAMIM5 |
Nitinaht Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Bright flowers covered with snail slime and used to trap hummingbirds. Turner, Nancy J., John Thomas, Barry F. Carlson and Robert T. Ogilvie, 1983, Ethnobotany of the Nitinaht Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 127 |
| Castilleja sp. |
Great Basin Indian Dye, Red-Brown Blossoms used to make a red-tan dye. Nickerson, Gifford S., 1966, Some Data on Plains and Great Basin Indian Uses of Certain Native Plants, Tebiwa 9(1):45-51, page 50 |
| Castilleja sp. |
Miwok Food, Winter Use Food Dried seeds stored for winter use then parched, pounded and eaten dry. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 153 |
| Castilleja thompsonii Pennell Thompson's Indian Paintbrush USDA CATH4 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Dermatological Aid Plant tops dried, powdered and placed on open cuts to draw out the germs. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 138 |
| Caulanthus coulteri S. Wats. Coulter's Wild Cabbage USDA CACO38 |
Kawaiisu Food, Vegetable Leaves gathered in early spring before the flowers appear, boiled, salted, fried in grease & eaten. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17 |
| Caulanthus inflatus S. Wats. Desert Candle USDA CAIN15 |
Kawaiisu Food, Unspecified Soft upper section of the stem roasted in a pit oven covered with dirt and eaten. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 17 |
| Caulophyllum thalictroides (L.) Michx. Blue Cohosh USDA CATH2 |
Omaha Drug, Febrifuge Decoction of root, considered highly effective, given for fevers. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 83 |
| Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea USDA CEAM |
Alabama Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of root used as a wash for injured legs or feet. Swanton, John R, 1928, Religious Beliefs and Medical Practices of the Creek Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #42:473-672, page 664 |
| Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea USDA CEAM |
Alabama Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of roots used as a bath for injured feet and legs. Taylor, Linda Averill, 1940, Plants Used As Curatives by Certain Southeastern Tribes, Cambridge, MA. Botanical Museum of Harvard University, page 40 |
| Ceanothus americanus L. New Jersey Tea USDA CEAM |
Iroquois Drug, Dermatological Aid Powdered bark applied to open sores caused by venereal disease. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 381 |
| Ceanothus integerrimus Hook. & Arn. Deerbrush USDA CEIN3 |
Karok Drug, Gynecological Aid Plant used by women who have suffered an injury in childbirth. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 386 |
| Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh Redstem Ceanothus USDA CESA |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of dried, powdered bark applied to burns. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119 |
| Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh Redstem Ceanothus USDA CESA |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Forage Buds and branches considered an important food for deer. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119 |
| Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh Redstem Ceanothus USDA CESA |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Fuel Wood used for fuel. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119 |
| Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh Redstem Ceanothus USDA CESA |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Preservative Wood used to smoke deer meat. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 119 |
| Ceanothus sanguineus Pursh Redstem Ceanothus USDA CESA |
Sanpoil Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of 'sap wood' sprinkled on grease or oil applied to sores or wounds. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 217 |
| Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook. Snowbrush Ceanothus USDA CEVEV4 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of dried, powdered leaves applied or mixed with pitch and used as a salve for sores. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120 |
| Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook. Snowbrush Ceanothus USDA CEVEV4 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of dried, powdered leaves used as a 'baby powder.' Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120 |
| Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook. Snowbrush Ceanothus USDA CEVEV4 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Pediatric Aid Poultice of dried, powdered leaves used as a 'baby powder.' Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 120 |
| Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. ex Hook. Snowbrush Ceanothus USDA CEVEV4 |
Thompson Food, Forage Plant considered a favorite food of deer. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 252 |
| Celastrus scandens L. American Bittersweet USDA CESC |
Cherokee Drug, Gynecological Aid Strong infusion combined with red raspberry leaves and used for childbirth pains. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 25 |
| Celastrus scandens L. American Bittersweet USDA CESC |
Iroquois Drug, Poison Berries considered poisonous. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 376 |
| Celastrus scandens L. American Bittersweet USDA CESC |
Lakota Other, Paint Roots chewed and smeared on the body and be impervious to wounding. Rogers, Dilwyn J, 1980, Lakota Names and Traditional Uses of Native Plants by Sicangu (Brule) People in the Rosebud Area, South Dakota, St. Francis, SD. Rosebud Educational Scoiety, page 43 |