| Agave sp. Mescal |
Havasupai Food, Beverage Leaves and young buds baked, soaked in water and used as a drink. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71 |
| Agave sp. Mescal |
Havasupai Other, Cash Crop Leaves and young buds baked and traded with the Hopi. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71 |
| Agave sp. Mescal |
Havasupai Other, Ceremonial Items Stalk and fiber used to make ceremonial equipment. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 71 |
| Agave sp. Mescal |
Hualapai Food, Staple Plant considered a main staple. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55 |
| Agave sp. Mescal |
Hualapai Food, Winter Use Food Plant stored for winter use. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55 |
| Agave sp. Mescal |
Hualapai Other, Containers Crushed fibers used as an ingredient in pottery making. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 55 |
| Agave sp. Mescal |
Navajo Food, Dried Food Heads baked or boiled, pounded into flat sheets, sun dried and stored for future use. Brugge, David M., 1965, Navajo Use of Agave, Kiva 31(2):88-98, page 94 |
| Agave sp. Mescal |
Yavapai Food, Dried Food Pounded, cooked, dried meaty centers of leaves stored in houses for later use. Gifford, E. W., 1936, Northeastern and Western Yavapai, University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology 34:247-345, page 260 |
| Agave utahensis Engelm. Utah Agave USDA AGUTU |
Havasupai Fiber, Brushes & Brooms Used to make brushes for the hair and for cleaning grinding stones. To make the brushes, the dried matter of a dead and rotten leaf was knocked free from the fibers, which were then bent in two. The upper end of this brush was wrapped with a cord and the bent portion was covered with buckskin or cloth. The loose fibers were cut to the right length and hardened by burning the ends. Weber, Steven A. and P. David Seaman, 1985, Havasupai Habitat: A. F. Whiting's Ethnography of a Traditional Indian Culture, Tucson. The University of Arizona Press, page 212 |
| Ageratina occidentalis (Hook.) King & H.E. Robins. Western Snakeroot USDA AGOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Ingredient of 'schumaakwe cakes' and used externally for rheumatism. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 50 |
| Ageratina occidentalis (Hook.) King & H.E. Robins. Western Snakeroot USDA AGOC2 |
Zuni Drug, Dermatological Aid Ingredient of 'schumaakwe cakes' and used externally for swelling. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 50 |
| Agrimonia gryposepala Wallr. Tall Hairy Agrimony USDA AGGR2 |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Powdered root compound used for pox. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 22 |
| Agrimonia parviflora Ait. Harvestlice USDA AGPA6 |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Powdered root compound used for pox. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 22 |
| Agrostis perennans (Walt.) Tuckerman Upland Bentgrass USDA AGPE |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 91 |
| Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht Short Kelp |
Hesquiat Food, Dried Food Stipes and fronds with attached herring eggs dried for later use. These strong, tough seaweeds grow in the subtidal and intertidal zones. Sometimes, herring spawn on the stipes and fronds of these short kelps, and then the plants are gathered and dipped briefly in hot water or dried for later use. The spawn is taken off the longer types and the alga discarded, or, in the case of the broad, leafy types, the alga is eaten along with the eggs. If the kelps with spawn are dried first, they are simply soaked in water before being eaten. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 24 |
| Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd. Indian Walnut USDA ALMO2 |
Hawaiian Drug, Abortifacient Nut shells and gourds burned and the resulting smoke or fumes entered the vagina for swollen wombs. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 56 |
| Alisma plantago-aquatica L. American Waterplantain USDA ALPL |
Cree, Woodlands Drug, Panacea Powdered stem base and many other herbs used for various ailments. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26 |
| Allium acuminatum Hook. Tapertip Onion USDA ALAC4 |
Salish, Coast Food, Unspecified Strongly flavored bulbs eaten with other foods. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74 |
| Allium cepa L. Garden Onion USDA ALCEC |
Navajo Food, Winter Use Food Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, dried and stored for winter use. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31 |
| Allium cernuum Roth Nodding Onion USDA ALCEC2 |
Hopi Food, Spice Used for flavoring before the introduction of the cultivated onion. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70 |
| Allium cernuum Roth Nodding Onion USDA ALCEC2 |
Isleta Food, Winter Use Food Bulbs stored for future use. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20 |
| Allium cernuum Roth Nodding Onion USDA ALCEC2 |
Navajo Food, Winter Use Food Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, dried and stored for winter use. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31 |
| Allium cernuum Roth Nodding Onion USDA ALCEC2 |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Dried Food Bulbs dried and stored for winter use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 38 |
| Allium cernuum Roth Nodding Onion USDA ALCEC2 |
Salish, Coast Food, Unspecified Strongly flavored bulbs eaten with other foods. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1971, The Ethnobotany of the Coast Salish Indians of Vancouver Island, I and II, Economic Botany 25(1):63-104, 335-339, page 74 |
| Allium cernuum Roth Nodding Onion USDA ALCEC2 |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Bulbs tied in bundles, partially dried, pit cooked and used for food. The bulbs were cleaned and twined together in mats before they were cooked. They were tied together by their leaves in big bunches, about fifteen centimeters across. They were dipped in water, but not soaked, then laid in the cooking pit interspersed with layers of beardtongue and alder leaves. The bulbs were steam cooked overnight and after being cooked, they became extremely sweet and were considered a delicacy. The cooked bulbs were eaten after they ate meat. It was very important to them for refreshment. Sometimes, the bulbs were cooked with black tree lichen. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 117 |
| Allium cernuum Roth Nodding Onion USDA ALCEC2 |
Thompson Food, Special Food Cooked bulbs considered a delicacy. The bulbs were cleaned and twined together in mats before they were cooked. They were tied together by their leaves in big bunches, about fifteen centimeters across. They were dipped in water, but not soaked, then laid in the cooking pit interspersed with layers of beardtongue and alder leaves. The bulbs were steam cooked overnight and after being cooked, they became extremely sweet and were considered a delicacy. The cooked bulbs were eaten after they ate meat. It was very important to them for refreshment. Sometimes, the bulbs were cooked with black tree lichen. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 117 |
| Allium geyeri S. Wats. Geyer's Onion USDA ALGEG |
Hopi Food, Spice Used for flavoring before the introduction of the cultivated onion. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70 |
| Allium macropetalum Rydb. Largeflower Wild Onion USDA ALMA4 |
Navajo Food, Dried Food Bulbs rubbed in hot ashes, dried and stored for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15 |
| Allium macropetalum Rydb. Largeflower Wild Onion USDA ALMA4 |
Navajo Food, Winter Use Food Onions singed, to remove the strong taste, dried and stored for winter use. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 31 |
| Allium sp. Onion |
Costanoan Food, Winter Use Food Bulbs gathered in winter and used for food. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 255 |
| Allium sp. Onion |
Hualapai Food, Winter Use Food Bulbs stored for winter use. Watahomigie, Lucille J., 1982, Hualapai Ethnobotany, Peach Springs, AZ. Hualapai Bilingual Program, Peach Springs School District #8, page 19 |
| Allium textile A. Nels. & J.F. Macbr. Textile Onion USDA ALTE |
Lakota Food, Unspecified Bulbs eaten fresh or stored for future use. Kraft, Shelly Katheren, 1990, Recent Changes in the Ethnobotany of Standing Rock Indian Reservation, University of North Dakota, M.A. Thesis, page 50 |
| Allium tricoccum Ait. Wild Leek USDA ALTR3 |
Ojibwa Food, Dried Food Large, bitter, wild leek gathered in spring and dried for future use. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 406 |
| Allium unifolium Kellogg Oneleaf Onion USDA ALUN |
Mendocino Indian Drug, Poison Plant considered poisonous. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 323 |
| Allium validum S. Wats. Pacific Onion USDA ALVA |
Cahuilla Food, Spice Bulbs used as a flavoring ingredient for other foods. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 37 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Blackfoot Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and used as a reddish brown dye. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Chippewa Drug, Gynecological Aid Decoction of root with powdered bumblebees taken for difficult labor. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 358 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Chippewa Dye, Red Bark boiled to make a bright red dye. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1933, Some Chippewa Uses of Plants, Ann Arbor. University of Michigan Press, page 128 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Chippewa Dye, Red Inner bark boiled with other inter barks and bloodroot and used to make a red dye. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 371 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Cree, Woodlands Dye, Orange-Red Decoction of inner bark used as a reddish orange dye for quills. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Cree, Woodlands Dye, Red-Brown Infusion of inner bark used as a reddish brown dye for hides. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 27 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Flathead Dye, Red Bark used to make a flaming red hair dye. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Flathead Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and used as a reddish brown dye. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Kutenai Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and used as a reddish brown dye. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Menominee Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and cloth or material immersed in boiling liquid as a reddish brown dye. Smith, Huron H., 1923, Ethnobotany of the Menomini Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:1-174, page 78 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Navajo Dye, Red Powdered bark used as a reddish dye. A dull reddish dye was made from the alder and several other plants. The woman first burned some of the twigs of the juniper or spruce then crushed and boiled the root bark of the mountain mahogany. Only the bark was used because the roots themselves contain no color bearing material. To this was added the powdered bark of the alder together with a ground lichen. This was put together and boiled until it was thought to be right, then it was strained and the wool or yarn was soaked in it overnight. This produced a dull reddish color on wool and a fine tan color on buckskin. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 39 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Nez Perce Dye, Red-Brown Bark boiled and used as a reddish brown dye. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 5 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Ojibwa Dye, Yellow Inner bark used for dyeing light yellow or with other ingredients for red, red brown or black. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 425 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Potawatomi Drug, Veterinary Aid Powdered bark used as an astringent for horse galls. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116 |
| Alnus incana (L.) Moench Mountain Alder USDA ALINR |
Potawatomi Drug, Veterinary Aid Powdered inner bark sprinkled on galled spots on ponies. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 43 |