| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Apache, White Mountain Other, Paint Flowers used as face paint. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 155 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Hopi Dye, Red Flowers used to color bread red for certain dances. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Hopi Dye, Red Flowers used to color bread red for certain dances. Vestal, Paul A, 1940, Notes on a Collection of Plants from the Hopi Indian Region of Arizona Made by J. G. Owens in 1891, Botanical Museum Leaflets (Harvard University) 8(8):153-168, page 162 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Hopi Dye, Unspecified Flowers used to color piki. Colton, Harold S., 1974, Hopi History And Ethnobotany, IN D. A. Horr (ed.) Hopi Indians. Garland: New York., page 283 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Hopi Food, Cooking Agent Heads dried and used as a brilliant pink dye for wafer bread. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 74 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Hopi Food, Cooking Agent Plant used as a red coloring for paper bread distributed at katcina exhibitions. Fewkes, J. Walter, 1896, A Contribution to Ethnobotany, American Anthropologist 9:14-21, page 18 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Keresan Food, Vegetable Leaves eaten as greens. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Keresan Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Seeds used to bait snares. White, Leslie A, 1945, Notes on the Ethnobotany of the Keres, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Arts, Sciences and Letters 30:557-568, page 558 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Staple Threshed seeds ground into flour. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 25 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Sia Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE Bulletin #, page 107 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Sia Food, Vegetable Leaves used as greens. White, Leslie A., 1962, The Pueblo of Sia, New Mexico, XXX SI-BAE Bulletin #, page 107 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Zuni Food, Cooking Agent Feathery part of plant ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red. The bread was carried by personators of anthropic gods and thrown by them to the populace between the dances. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Zuni Other, Ceremonial Items Feathery part of plant ground into a fine meal and used to color ceremonial bread red. The bread was carried by personators of anthropic gods and thrown by them to the populace between the dances. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 87 |
| Amaranthus cruentus L. Red Amaranth USDA AMCR4 |
Zuni Other, Paint Crushed leaves and blossoms moistened with spittle or water and rubbed on cheeks as rouge. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 83 |
| Amaranthus hybridus L. Slim Amaranth USDA AMHY |
Cherokee Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Used as an ingredient in a green corn medicine. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23 |
| Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. Carelessweed USDA AMPA |
Cocopa Food, Winter Use Food Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200 |
| Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. Carelessweed USDA AMPA |
Mohave Food, Winter Use Food Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200 |
| Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. Carelessweed USDA AMPA |
Papago Food, Dried Food Seeds basket winnowed, parched, sun dried, cooked, stored and used for food. Castetter, Edward F. and Ruth M. Underhill, 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest II. The Ethnobiology of the Papago Indians, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(3):1-84, page 24 |
| Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. Carelessweed USDA AMPA |
Pima, Gila River Food, Dried Food Leaves dried and stored for year round use. Rea, Amadeo M., 1991, Gila River Pima Dietary Reconstruction, Arid Lands Newsletter 31:3-10, page 5 |
| Amaranthus palmeri S. Wats. Carelessweed USDA AMPA |
Yuma Food, Winter Use Food Plants cooked, rolled into a ball, baked and stored for future use. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 200 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Acoma Food, Dried Food Young plants boiled and dried for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Acoma Food, Vegetable Young plants boiled and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Bread & Cake Seeds winnowed, ground into flour and used to make bread. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Unspecified Leaves eaten without preparation or cooked with green chile and meat or animal bones. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 46 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Cherokee Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Used as an ingredient in a green corn medicine. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Cherokee Drug, Dermatological Aid Astringent leaves used for profuse menstruation. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Cherokee Drug, Gynecological Aid Leaves used to 'relieve profuse menstruation.' Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Cochiti Food, Vegetable Young plants eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 16 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Iroquois Drug, Witchcraft Medicine Decoction and doll used to 'make a person break out like cancer.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 316 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Iroquois Food, Vegetable Cooked and seasoned with salt, pepper or butter. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 117 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Isleta Food, Vegetable Fresh, tender, young leaves eaten as greens. Jones, Volney H., 1931, The Ethnobotany of the Isleta Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Jemez Food, Unspecified Young plant used for food many generations ago. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Keres, Western Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Infusion of plant used for the stomach. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Keres, Western Food, Unspecified Seeds collected and ground with meal for food. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Keres, Western Food, Vegetable Young, tender plants used for greens like spinach. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Keres, Western Food, Winter Use Food Plant boiled and dried for winter storage. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 26 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Laguna Food, Dried Food Young plants boiled and dried for winter use. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Laguna Food, Vegetable Young plants boiled and eaten as greens. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Mendocino Indian Food, Staple Small, shiny black seeds used to make pinole. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 346 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Mohegan Drug, Throat Aid Infusion of leaves taken for hoarseness. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 70, 128 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Mohegan Food, Vegetable Combined with mustard, plantain, dock and nettle and used as mixed greens. Tantaquidgeon, Gladys, 1972, Folk Medicine of the Delaware and Related Algonkian Indians, Harrisburg. Pennsylvania Historical Commission Anthropological Papers #3, page 83 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Navajo Food, Bread & Cake Seeds ground, boiled, mixed with corn flour and made into dumplings. Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Navajo Food, Porridge Seeds ground, boiled and mixed with corn flour into a gruel. Steggerda, Morris, 1941, Navajo Foods and Their Preparation, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 17(3):217-25, page 222 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Leaves and seeds mixed with grease and eaten. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Navajo Food, Vegetable Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Navajo Food, Vegetable Leaves boiled and eaten like spinach. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Navajo Food, Winter Use Food Leaves boiled and canned. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 46 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Antidote Stem, three inches long, made into snake figurine for snake infection. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Bread & Cake Seeds winnowed, ground with maize, made into bread and used as a ceremonial food in Nightway. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26 |