| Calocedrus decurrens (Torr.) Florin Incense Cedar USDA CADE27 |
Klamath Other, Fuel Wood used for fire blocks. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88 |
| Calochortus aureus S. Wats. Golden Mariposa Lily USDA CAAU8 |
Hopi Other, Ceremonial Items Ceremonially used as the Yellow Flower associated with the northwest direction. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70 |
| Calochortus aureus S. Wats. Golden Mariposa Lily USDA CAAU8 |
Hopi Other, Toys & Games Boys holding handfuls of this plant and larkspur above their heads chased by girls on occasions. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 70 |
| Calochortus aureus S. Wats. Golden Mariposa Lily USDA CAAU8 |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Bulbs gathered in early spring, peeled and eaten raw. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32 |
| Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats. Gunnison's Mariposa Lily USDA CAGUG |
Cheyenne Drug, Unspecified Dried, chopped bulbs used as an ingredient for a medicinal mixture. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 12 |
| Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats. Gunnison's Mariposa Lily USDA CAGUG |
Cheyenne Food, Winter Use Food Dried bulbs stored for winter use. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 172 |
| Calochortus gunnisonii S. Wats. Gunnison's Mariposa Lily USDA CAGUG |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Unspecified Bulbs eaten raw or gathered in the fall and boiled. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 20 |
| Calochortus luteus Dougl. ex Lindl. Yellow Mariposa Lily USDA CALU9 |
Navajo Food, Unspecified Bulbs gathered in early spring, peeled and eaten raw. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 32 |
| Calochortus macrocarpus Dougl. Sagebrush Mariposa Lily USDA CAMAM9 |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Species used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 93 |
| Caltha palustris L. Yellow Marshmarigold USDA CAPAP6 |
Abnaki Drug, Poison Plant considered poisonous. Rousseau, Jacques, 1947, Ethnobotanique Abenakise, Archives de Folklore 11:145-182, page 155 |
| Caltha palustris L. Yellow Marshmarigold USDA CAPAP6 |
Alaska Native Drug, Poison Raw leaves considered poisonous. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 19 |
| Caltha palustris L. Yellow Marshmarigold USDA CAPAP6 |
Chippewa Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Poultice of mashed or powdered root applied to scrofula sores. Densmore, Frances, 1928, Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #44:273-379, page 354 |
| Caltha palustris var. palustris Yellow Marshmarigold USDA CAPAP6 |
Eskimo, Alaska Food, Unspecified Leaves and stalks boiled and eaten with seal oil. The leaves and stalks were collected before the plants flowered because after flowering commenced, the plant was apparently inedible. But, boiling the plant broke down the poisonous protoanemonin that it contained, rendering it edible. Ager, Thomas A. and Lynn Price Ager, 1980, Ethnobotany of The Eskimos of Nelson Island, Alaska, Arctic Anthropology 27:26-48, page 35 |
| Camassia leichtlinii (Baker) S. Wats. Large Camas USDA CALEL6 |
Klamath Food, Pie & Pudding Bulbs used to make pies. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 93 |
| Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene Small Camas USDA CAQUQ |
Flathead Food, Soup Simmered with moss in blood into a soup and used for food. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14 |
| Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene Small Camas USDA CAQUQ |
Klamath Food, Dried Food Bulbs stored for future use. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 93 |
| Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene Small Camas USDA CAQUQ |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Steamed bulbs used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 93 |
| Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene Small Camas USDA CAQUQ |
Montana Indian Food, Bread & Cake Oven baked bulbs squeezed into little cakes or pulverized, formed into round loaves and stored. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 14 |
| Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene Small Camas USDA CAQUQ |
Nisqually Food, Dried Food Bulbs cooked, sun dried and stored for future use as food. Gunther, Erna, 1973, Ethnobotany of Western Washington, Seattle. University of Washington Press. Revised edition, page 24 |
| Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene Small Camas USDA CAQUQ |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Dried Food Bulbs pit cooked, dried and stored for future use. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 41 |
| Camassia quamash (Pursh) Greene Small Camas USDA CAQUQ |
Paiute Food, Winter Use Food Bulbs prepared, preserved in numerous ways and stored for winter use. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 56 |
| Camassia sp. Camas |
Sanpoil and Nespelem Food, Unspecified Steamed or raw roots used for food. A cooking basket was filled half full of water and hot rocks added to boil the water. Then small sticks were placed criss-cross in the basket above the surface of the water to hold the roots. After the roots had been added the basket was covered with a flat rock or piece of cedar plank to keep the steam from escaping. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 99 |
| Campanula parryi Gray Parry's Bellflower USDA CAPAP2 |
Navajo, Kayenta Drug, Gynecological Aid Plant taken by pregnant woman when female baby was desired. Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris, 1951, The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho, Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press, page 44 |
| Campanula uniflora L. Arctic Bellflower USDA CAUN2 |
Navajo Other, Ceremonial Items Pollen used for some of the sacred ceremonies. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 79 |
| Cannabis sativa L. Marijuana USDA CASAS9 |
Iroquois Drug, Psychological Aid Used after patient gets well but doesn't think that he's recovered. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 306 |
| Canotia holacantha Torr. Crucifixion Thorn USDA CAHO3 |
Apache, Western Food, Fruit Berries eaten raw. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 191 |
| Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Shepherd's Purse USDA CABU2 |
Apache, Chiricahua & Mescalero Food, Bread & Cake Seeds winnowed, dried, stored, ground into flour and used to make bread. Castetter, Edward F. and M. E. Opler, 1936, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest III. The Ethnobiology of the Chiricahua and Mescalero Apache, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(5):1-63, page 48 |
| Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Shepherd's Purse USDA CABU2 |
Cahuilla Food, Unspecified Seeds gathered for food. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 51 |
| Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Shepherd's Purse USDA CABU2 |
Cheyenne Drug, Analgesic Infusion of powdered leaves and stems taken or small quantities of powder eaten for head pains. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 174 |
| Capsicum annuum L. Cayenne Pepper USDA CAANA4 |
Hopi Food, Dried Food Fruits strung and dried for winter use. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 88 |
| Capsicum annuum L. Cayenne Pepper USDA CAANA4 |
Hopi Food, Spice Dried peppers crushed and used as flavoring for food. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 88 |
| Capsicum annuum var. annuum Cayenne Pepper USDA CAANA4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Gynecological Aid Powdered chili pepper rubbed on breast to wean nursing child. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42 |
| Capsicum annuum var. annuum Cayenne Pepper USDA CAANA4 |
Navajo, Ramah Drug, Pediatric Aid Powdered chili pepper rubbed on breast to wean nursing child. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 42 |
| Cardamine concatenata (Michx.) Sw. Cutleaf Toothwort USDA CACO26 |
Iroquois Drug, Panacea Compound infusion taken or placed on injured part, a 'Little Water Medicine.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 339 |
| Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood Crinkleroot USDA CADI10 |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Febrifuge Infusion of plant given to children for fevers. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 173 |
| Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood Crinkleroot USDA CADI10 |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Heart Medicine Infusion of plant and sweet flag root taken for heart disease. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 173 |
| Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood Crinkleroot USDA CADI10 |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Pediatric Aid Infusion of plant given to children for fevers. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 173 |
| Cardamine diphylla (Michx.) Wood Crinkleroot USDA CADI10 |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Sauce & Relish Ground root put into vinegar for use as a relish. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 86 |
| Cardamine maxima (Nutt.) Wood Large Toothwort USDA CAMA36 |
Ojibwa Food, Vegetable Favored wild potatoes cooked with corn and deer meat or beans and deer meat. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 399 |
| Carex nebrascensis Dewey Nebraska Sedge USDA CANE2 |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Grass tied by medicine men to horns of the sacred buffalo head used in the Sun Dance ceremony. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 277 |
| Carex nebrascensis Dewey Nebraska Sedge USDA CANE2 |
Blackfoot Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves tied around the horn of the sacred buffalo skull used in ceremonials. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 22 |
| Carex sp. Sedge |
Jemez Other, Ceremonial Items Plant considered sacred and used in the kiva. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21 |
| Carex sp. Sedge |
Jemez Other, Sacred Items Plant considered sacred and used in the kiva. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 21 |
| Carex sp. Sedge |
Klamath Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Leaves woven into mats. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92 |
| Carex sp. Sedge |
Klamath Food, Beverage Pith juice used as beverage. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92 |
| Carex sp. Sedge |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Fresh stems used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92 |
| Carex sp. Sedge |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Tuberous base of stem used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Apache, Western Food, Beverage Juice used as a drink. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Apache, Western Food, Bread & Cake Squeezed pulp dried and made into cakes. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178 |
| Carnegia gigantea (Engelm.) Britt. & Rose Saguaro USDA CAGI7 |
Apache, Western Food, Dried Food Seeds washed and dried. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 178 |