| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Iroquois Drug, Blood Medicine Complex compound taken as a blood purifier. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 378 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Iroquois Drug, Eye Medicine Infusion of bark used as drops for sore eyes and cataracts. Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 378 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Iroquois Drug, Hunting Medicine Decoction of plants used as a wash for traps, a 'trapping medicine.' Herrick, James William, 1977, Iroquois Medical Botany, State University of New York, Albany, PhD Thesis, page 378 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Iroquois Food, Bread & Cake Bark dried, pounded, sifted and made into bread. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 119 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Iroquois Other, Cooking Tools Wood used to make bowls. Rousseau, Jacques, 1945, Le Folklore Botanique De Caughnawaga, Contributions de l'Institut botanique l'Universite de Montreal 55:7-72, page 53 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Malecite Fiber, Basketry Used to make basket splints. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1952, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Malecite Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 42:1-7, page 6 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Micmac Fiber, Basketry Used to make basketware. Speck, Frank G. and R.W. Dexter, 1951, Utilization of Animals and Plants by the Micmac Indians of New Brunswick, Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 41:250-259, page 258 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Ojibwa Drug, Eye Medicine Decoction of bark used as a wash for sore eyes. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 353 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Ojibwa Other, Designs Leaf frequently used in the Ojibwe beadwork designs. Many leaves, flowers and fruits furnish designs. Since the plants are sacred to their midewiwin or medicine lodge, it is common for them to use especially valuable remedies in their designs. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 412 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Potawatomi Drug, Eye Medicine Decoction of inner bark used as an eyewash. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 37 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Potawatomi Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Traps boiled in water with bark to deodorize the scent of the previous animal trapped. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 116 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Seminole Drug, Dermatological Aid Decoction of bark used for ballgame sickness: sores, back or limb pains and hemorrhoids. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 269 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Seminole Drug, Hemorrhoid Remedy Decoction of bark used for ballgame sickness: sores, back or limb pains and hemorrhoids. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 269 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Seminole Drug, Orthopedic Aid Decoction of bark used for ballgame sickness: sores, back or limb pains and hemorrhoids. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 269 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Seminole Other, Cooking Tools Plant used to make spoons. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Seminole Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Plant used to make arrow heads. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472 |
| Acer rubrum L. Red Maple USDA ACRUR |
Seminole Other, Stable Gear Plant used to make ox yokes. Sturtevant, William, 1954, The Mikasuki Seminole: Medical Beliefs and Practices, Yale University, PhD Thesis, page 472 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Sauce & Relish Sap used to make syrup. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 98 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Sweetener Sap used to make sugar. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 98 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Ojibwa Food, Sweetener Maple sugar used to season all kinds of meats, replaced now with salt. Smith describes in detail the process by which the Ojibwe make maple syrup. Although now (1932) they use iron kettles, originally the sap and storage vessels were 'made of birch bark, sewed with boiled basswood fiber or the core of the jack pine root.' The vessels are rendered waterproof by the application of pitch secured by boiling jack pine cones. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 394 |
| Acer saccharum Marsh. Sugar Maple USDA ACSAS |
Potawatomi Food, Sweetener Maple sugar used, instead of salt, to season all cooking. The sugar maple and the black sugar maple are found all over Wisconsin and were considered to be the most valuable trees in the forest because they furnished them their seasoning material. While they do use salt today, it is an acquired ingredient and most of the old people would prefer to have sugar for their seasoning. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 92 |
| Acer spicatum Lam. Mountain Maple USDA ACSP2 |
Potawatomi Other, Designs Leaves used as a pattern for bead and applique work. In making up a design for art work or bead work, a woman would burn deer antlers until they turned to charcoal and use this to rub on the backs of leaves. This surface was placed down upon a piece of white birchbark and rubbed until the shape and venation of the leaves were transferred to the birchbark. Then arranging with other leaves, a design would be formed which would be the pattern for the bead work. Oftentimes, this would be placed directly under the loom so that the form and outline of the finished bead work would be a true representation of the natural object. Smith, Huron H., 1933, Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 7:1-230, page 110 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Analgesic Crushed leaves used as a snuff for headaches. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 240 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Cold Remedy Used for colds. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 240 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Poultice Leaves used for poultices. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 240 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Respiratory Aid Used for respiratory disorders. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 240 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Klamath Food, Preservative Stem, leaf and flower placed inside fish cavity as a preservative. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 105 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Menominee Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of dried, powdered leaves applied to swellings and sores. Densmore, Francis, 1932, Menominee Music, SI-BAE Bulletin #102, page 132 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Micmac Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Dried, powdered bark or green leaves rubbed over swellings. Wallis, Wilson D., 1922, Medicines Used by the Micmac Indians, American Anthropologist 24:24-30, page 25 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Micmac Drug, Dermatological Aid Dried, powdered bark or green leaves rubbed over bruises. Wallis, Wilson D., 1922, Medicines Used by the Micmac Indians, American Anthropologist 24:24-30, page 25 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Micmac Drug, Orthopedic Aid Dried, powdered bark or green leaves rubbed over sprains. Wallis, Wilson D., 1922, Medicines Used by the Micmac Indians, American Anthropologist 24:24-30, page 25 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Thompson Drug, Dermatological Aid Infusion of plant used as wash or powdered stem and leaf applied for skin problems. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 460 |
| Achillea millefolium L. Common Yarrow USDA ACMIM2 |
Thompson Drug, Unspecified Roots and stems considered 'a good medicine.' Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 166 |
| Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC. Western Yarrow USDA ACMIO |
Kawaiisu Drug, Snake Bite Remedy Dried, crushed and powdered leaves applied to snake bite wounds. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 9 |
| Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC. Western Yarrow USDA ACMIO |
Navajo Drug, Stimulant Plant used in a 'life medicine for impaired vitality.' Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 79 |
| Achillea millefolium var. occidentalis DC. Western Yarrow USDA ACMIO |
Paiute Drug, Analgesic Poultice of fresh, mashed leaves dampened with water applied with a cloth to tired, aching feet. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 118 |
| Achlys triphylla (Sm.) DC. Sweet After Death USDA ACTR |
Paiute Drug, Eye Medicine Strained infusion of dried, shredded roots used as a wash for cataracts. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 73 |
| Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth Indian Ricegrass USDA ACHY |
Apache, Western Food, Porridge Seeds ground, mixed with corn meal and water and made into a mush. Buskirk, Winfred, 1986, The Western Apache: Living With the Land Before 1950, Norman. University of Oklahoma Press, page 189 |
| Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth Indian Ricegrass USDA ACHY |
Apache, White Mountain Other, Cash Crop Plant gathered and sold. Reagan, Albert B., 1929, Plants Used by the White Mountain Apache Indians of Arizona, Wisconsin Archeologist 8:143-61., page 149 |
| Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth Indian Ricegrass USDA ACHY |
Hopi Food, Starvation Food Seeds used during famines. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 65 |
| Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth Indian Ricegrass USDA ACHY |
Paiute, Northern Food, Special Food Seeds considered a good food to eat when suffering from stomachaches, colic or aching bones. When a person was suffering from any of these sicknesses, Indian ricegrass seeds should have been the only food eaten. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46 |
| Achnatherum hymenoides (Roemer & J.A. Schultes) Barkworth Indian Ricegrass USDA ACHY |
Paiute, Northern Food, Winter Use Food Seeds stored for winter use. Fowler, Catherine S., 1989, Willards Z. Park's Ethnographic Notes on the Northern Paiute of Western Nevada 1933-1940, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 46 |
| Achnatherum speciosum (Trin. & Rupr.) Barkworth Desert Needlegrass USDA ACSP12 |
Kawaiisu Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. When ripe in June, the grass was cut off in bunches, tied together with stems of the grass and thrown over the shoulder into the carrying basket suspended on one's back. Two procedures were used in preparing the seeds for food. First, the grass was spread out on a flat rock, where it was allowed to dry a half day and then threshed by burning. If the fire burned too quickly, green spear grass was added to slow it down. The burned stalks were stirred and lifted with a green stick so that the seeds would fall out. The seeds were gathered and winnowed by being poured from one basket to another. Boiled, the seeds swelled 'like rice.' A cupful would fill a pot. Second, the grass was dried for a day or two and the seeds beaten out. They would be boiled whole or first pounded to a meal and then cooked. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 66 |
| Aconitum columbianum Nutt. Columbian Monkshood USDA ACCOC3 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Poison Plant considered highly poisonous. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 117 |
| Aconitum delphiniifolium DC. Larkspurleaf Monkshood USDA ACDED3 |
Eskimo, Inupiat Drug, Poison Roots considered poisonous. Jones, Anore, 1983, Nauriat Niginaqtuat = Plants That We Eat, Kotzebue, Alaska. Maniilaq Association Traditional Nutrition Program, page 140 |
| Aconitum fischeri Fischer Monkshood USDA ACFI3 |
Gosiute Drug, Poison Plant considered poisonous. Chamberlin, Ralph V., 1911, The Ethno-Botany of the Gosiute Indians of Utah, Memoirs of the American Anthropological Association 2(5):331-405., page 360 |
| Aconitum heterophyllum |
Cree, Hudson Bay Drug, Poison Plant considered poisonous. Holmes, E.M., 1884, Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory, The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302-304, page 303 |
| Aconitum sp. Monkshood |
Blackfoot Drug, Poison Plant considered poisonous. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 34 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of ground roots taken for colds. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 135 |
| Acorus calamus L. Calamus USDA ACAM |
Algonquin, Quebec Drug, Cough Medicine Infusion of ground roots and choke cherry taken for coughs. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 135 |