| Asplenium horridum Kaulfuss Lacy Spleenwort USDA ASHO4 |
Hawaiian Dye, Red Juice used as a red dye. Akana, Akaiko, 1922, Hawaiian Herbs of Medicinal Value, Honolulu: Pacific Book House, page 14 |
| Astragalus canadensis L. Canadian Milkvetch USDA ASCAC6 |
Blackfoot Food, Staple Root considered a staple. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 101 |
| Astragalus ceramicus var. filifolius (Gray) F.J. Herm. Painted Milkvetch USDA ASCEF |
Hopi Food, Unspecified Sweet roots dug up and eaten by children. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 79 |
| Astragalus crassicarpus var. crassicarpus Groundplum Milkvetch USDA ASCRC3 |
Omaha Other, Ceremonial Items Fruits gathered just before corn planting time and ceremonially soaked with seed corn. The fruits were not planted with the seed corn, but were discarded before planting. The informants could not give a reason for this process as they said they had forgotten the origin of the old custom. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91 |
| Astragalus crassicarpus var. crassicarpus Groundplum Milkvetch USDA ASCRC3 |
Ponca Other, Ceremonial Items Fruits gathered just before corn planting time and ceremonially soaked with seed corn. The fruits were not planted with the seed corn, but were discarded before planting. The informants could not give a reason for this process as they said they had forgotten the origin of the old custom. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1919, Uses of Plants by the Indians of the Missouri River Region, SI-BAE Annual Report #33, page 91 |
| Astragalus mollissimus Torr. Woolly Milkvetch USDA ASMOM5 |
Mahuna Drug, Poison Plant considered poisonous. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 36 |
| Astragalus purshii Dougl. ex Hook. Woollypod Milkvetch USDA ASPUP7 |
Thompson Drug, Disinfectant Decoction of roots taken and poured on head in sweathouse for purification. Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 504 |
| Astragalus purshii Dougl. ex Hook. Woollypod Milkvetch USDA ASPUP7 |
Thompson Drug, Hunting Medicine Decoction of plant poured onto hunting equipment which had 'lost its luck.' Steedman, E.V., 1928, The Ethnobotany of the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, SI-BAE Annual Report #45:441-522, page 507 |
| Astragalus sp. Vetch |
Alaska Native Drug, Poison Plant considered poisonous. Heller, Christine A., 1953, Edible and Poisonous Plants of Alaska, University of Alaska, page 159 |
| Astragalus sp. Vetch |
Hopi Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 80 |
| Astragalus sp. Vetch |
Hopi Drug, Emetic Plant used as a ceremonial emetic. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 80 |
| Astragalus sp. Vetch |
Navajo Drug, Poison Plant considered poisonous. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 55 |
| Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Common Ladyfern USDA ATFIA |
Karok Other, Cooking Tools Leaves used to clean eel's blood from butchered eel. Baker, Marc A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Yurok, Tolowa and Karok Indians of Northwest California, Humboldt State University, M.A. Thesis, page 20 |
| Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Common Ladyfern USDA ATFIA |
Kwakiutl, Southern Other, Containers Fronds used as covering for fungus placed on hot stones to make a red paint. Turner, Nancy Chapman and Marcus A. M. Bell, 1973, The Ethnobotany of the Southern Kwakiutl Indians of British Columbia, Economic Botany 27:257-310, page 263 |
| Athyrium filix-femina (L.) Roth Common Ladyfern USDA ATFIA |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Water Indicator Ferns considered to be a sign of water when travelling through the mountains. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 18 |
| Atriplex argentea Nutt. Silverscale Saltbush USDA ATARA2 |
Hopi Food, Vegetable Young, tender leaves cooked and eaten as greens. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 73 |
| Atriplex argentea ssp. expansa (S. Wats.) Hall & Clements Silverscale Saltbush USDA ATARE |
Navajo Food, Fodder Plant used, for the salt, and stored for the winter as fodder. Elmore, Francis H., 1944, Ethnobotany of the Navajo, Sante Fe, NM. School of American Research, page 43 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Hopi Dye, Blue Ashes used to maintain the blue coloring in blue corn meal. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 73 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Jemez Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of crushed leaves applied to ant bites, probably to reduce the swelling and pain. Cook, Sarah Louise, 1930, The Ethnobotany of Jemez Indians., University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 20 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Navajo, Ramah Dye, Red Leaf and twig ash used to intensify red color of buckskin dye. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 24 |
| Atriplex canescens (Pursh) Nutt. Fourwing Saltbush USDA ATCAC |
Tewa of Hano Food, Cooking Agent Ashes stirred into dough to give it a greenish-blue color. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 54 |
| Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Fr‚m.) S. Wats. Shadscale Saltbush USDA ATCO |
Hopi Food, Vegetable Young, tender leaves cooked and eaten as greens. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 73 |
| Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats. Big Saltbush USDA ATLEL |
Pima Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of powdered root applied to sores. Russell, Frank, 1908, The Pima Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #26:1-390, page 80 |
| Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats. Big Saltbush USDA ATLEL |
Pima Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of powdered roots applied to sores. Curtin, L. S. M., 1949, By the Prophet of the Earth, Sante Fe. San Vicente Foundation, page 66 |
| Atriplex lentiformis (Torr.) S. Wats. Big Saltbush USDA ATLEL |
Pima Food, Dried Food Seeds roasted, dried, parched and stored. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 23 |
| Atriplex obovata Moq. Mound Saltbush USDA ATOB |
Hopi Food, Vegetable Young, tender leaves cooked and eaten as greens. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 73 |
| Atriplex powellii S. Wats. Powell's Saltweed USDA ATPO2 |
Hopi Food, Vegetable Young, tender leaves cooked and eaten as greens. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 73 |
| Atriplex saccaria S. Wats. Sack Saltbush USDA ATSA |
Hopi Food, Vegetable Young, tender leaves cooked and eaten as greens. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 73 |
| Atriplex semibaccata R. Br. Australian Saltbush USDA ATSE |
Cahuilla Food, Fruit Berries gathered and eaten fresh. Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel, 1972, Temalpakh (From the Earth); Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Usage of Plants, Banning, CA. Malki Museum Press, page 45 |
| Atriplex sp. Four Winged Salt Bush |
Keres, Western Drug, Blood Medicine Infusion of plant used as a blood medicine. Infusion of any atriplex in which the stems or leaves have a red color was used for blood medicine. Swank, George R., 1932, The Ethnobotany of the Acoma and Laguna Indians, University of New Mexico, M.A. Thesis, page 32 |
| Avena fatua L. Wild Oat USDA AVFA |
Pomo Food, Winter Use Food Seeds stored for later use. Gifford, E. W., 1967, Ethnographic Notes on the Southwestern Pomo, Anthropological Records 25:10-15, page 11 |
| Baccharis douglasii DC. Saltmarsh Baccharis USDA BADO |
Costanoan Drug, Dermatological Aid Dried, powdered stems applied as a disinfectant to wounds. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 26 |
| Baccharis douglasii DC. Saltmarsh Baccharis USDA BADO |
Costanoan Drug, Disinfectant Dried, powdered stems applied as a disinfectant to wounds. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 26 |
| Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav¢n) Pers. Mule's Fat USDA BASA4 |
Kawaiisu Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Plant burned into a black powder, mixed with another ingredient and used for gun powder. Zigmond, Maurice L., 1981, Kawaiisu Ethnobotany, Salt Lake City. University of Utah Press, page 15 |
| Bahia dissecta (Gray) Britt. Ragleaf Bahia USDA BADI |
Zuni Drug, Analgesic Powdered plant rubbed on affected parts for headache. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 62 |
| Bahia dissecta (Gray) Britt. Ragleaf Bahia USDA BADI |
Zuni Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Powdered plant rubbed on affected parts for rheumatism. Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 1915, Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians, SI-BAE Annual Report #30, page 62 |
| Balsamorhiza deltoidea Nutt. Deltoid Balsamroot USDA BADE2 |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Roasted, ground seeds used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 106 |
| Balsamorhiza hookeri var. hirsuta (Nutt.) A. Nels. Hairy Balsamroot USDA BAHOH |
Paiute Drug, Gastrointestinal Aid Decoction of root considered good for severe stomach. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 50 |
| Balsamorhiza hookeri var. hirsuta (Nutt.) A. Nels. Hairy Balsamroot USDA BAHOH |
Paiute Drug, Urinary Aid Decoction of root considered good for bladder troubles. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 50 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Roasted, ground seeds used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 106 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Burn Dressing Poultice of dried, powdered leaves applied to severe skin burns. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Okanagan-Colville Food, Unspecified Powdered seeds eaten alone or mixed with deer grease, pine nuts, saskatoon berries or fir sugar. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 80 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Paiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Powdered, dried root applied to syphilitic sores. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 50, 51 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Paiute Drug, Venereal Aid Poultice of dry, powdered root applied to syphilitic sores. Train, Percy, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer, 1941, Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada, Washington DC. U.S. Department of Agriculture, page 50, 51 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Paiute Food, Winter Use Food Roasted, ground seeds made into flour and stored for winter use. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 117 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Sanpoil Drug, Analgesic Poultice of root prepared in various ways and applied to painful areas. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 219 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Sanpoil Drug, Dermatological Aid Poultice of root prepared in various ways and applied to bruised areas. Ray, Verne F., 1932, The Sanpoil and Nespelem: Salishan Peoples of Northeastern Washington, University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, Vol. 5, page 219 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Thompson Food, Dried Food Cooked roots hung on strings, dried and then stored on the strings or in baskets. The dried roots were reconstituted by soaking in water overnight. After they were cooked, the roots tasted sweet and were eaten as a 'sort of dessert' after a meal of dried fish or some other food as a main course. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175 |
| Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh) Nutt. Arrowleaf Balsamroot USDA BASA3 |
Thompson Food, Unspecified Loose or skewered roots cooked overnight in a steaming pit and used for food. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 175 |
| Baptisia sp. False Indigo |
Cree Drug, Venereal Aid Poultice of powdered rhizomes applied to syphilitic sores. Beardsley, Gretchen, 1941, Notes on Cree Medicines, Based on Collections Made by I. Cowie in 1892., Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters 28:483-496, page 495 |