| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Special Food Seeds winnowed, ground with maize, made into bread and used as a ceremonial food in Nightway. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Vegetable Leaves used as spring greens, boiled with meat, boiled alone or boiled and fried with meat or fat. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Navajo, Ramah Food, Winter Use Food Seeds stored for winter use. Vestal, Paul A., 1952, The Ethnobotany of the Ramah Navaho, Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 40(4):1-94, page 26 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Pueblo Food, Vegetable Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Spanish American Food, Vegetable Boiled and eaten like spinach, boiled and fried in lard or canned. Castetter, Edward F., 1935, Ethnobiological Studies in the American Southwest I. Uncultivated Native Plants Used as Sources of Food, University of New Mexico Bulletin 4(1):1-44, page 15 |
| Amaranthus retroflexus L. Redroot Amaranth USDA AMRE |
Tewa Food, Unspecified Boiled or fried and used for food. Robbins, W.W., J.P. Harrington and B. Freire-Marreco, 1916, Ethnobotany of the Tewa Indians, SI-BAE Bulletin #55, page 53 |
| Amaranthus spinosus L. Spiny Amaranth USDA AMSP |
Cherokee Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Used as an ingredient in a green corn medicine. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 23 |
| Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Annual Ragweed USDA AMARA2 |
Cherokee Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Used as an ingredient in green corn medicine. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |
| Ambrosia chamissonis (Less.) Greene Silver Burr Ragweed USDA AMCH4 |
Hesquiat Other, Toys & Games Children played with stems that exuded a blood-colored juice; looked like they had been injured. Turner, Nancy J. and Barbara S. Efrat, 1982, Ethnobotany of the Hesquiat Indians of Vancouver Island, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 62 |
| Ambrosia trifida L. Great Ragweed USDA AMTRT2 |
Cherokee Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Used as an ingredient in green corn medicine. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 52 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Atsugewi Food, Dried Food Dried, stored berries soaked in water and eaten. Garth, Thomas R., 1953, Atsugewi Ethnography, Anthropological Records 14(2):140-141, page 139 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Blackfoot Drug, Eye Medicine Decoction of dried berries or berry juice dripped into the eye and covered with a soft hide piece. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 80 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Blackfoot Food, Dried Food Berries dried and stored, some with backfat, for future use. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Blackfoot Food, Snack Food Berries and red osier dogwood berries used as a favorite snack reserved for men. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 100 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Blackfoot Food, Special Food Berry soup used for most ceremonial events. These ceremonial events included the transfer of a tipi design or the opening of a Medicine Pipe bundle or a Beaver bundle. The woman prepared the soup from berries, assorted roots, fat and water. At an appointed time during the ceremony this soup was served to all participants. The soup was blessed, and an offering of one of the berries was put back into the ground, before eating began. A few mouthfuls were taken; then the remainder of the soup was given to one or another of the women, who would take it home to her children. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 26 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Blackfoot Other, Toys & Games Berries used in an harvesting game. Favors were asked while presenting a gift of four of the berries. The receiver was obliged to return the goodwill. Girls played a game while harvesting the berries. After some berries had been gathered the girls would sit together and hold their breath while another called out 'tops, tops, tops' at a regular beat. Each girl put a berry in her bag for every call and the one who held her breath the longest won all the other girls' berries. Hellson, John C., 1974, Ethnobotany of the Blackfoot Indians, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 107 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Cheyenne Drug, Unspecified Smashed fruits used as an ingredient for medicinal mixtures. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Cheyenne Food, Beverage Leaves used to make a red beverage tea. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 34 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Cree, Plains Food, Dried Food Berries crushed, dried and stored for future use. Mandelbaum, David G., 1940, The Plains Cree, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History 37:202-203, page 202 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Karok Food, Dried Food Berries dried and stored in big baskets. Schenck, Sara M. and E. W. Gifford, 1952, Karok Ethnobotany, Anthropological Records 13(6):377-392, page 385 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Klamath Food, Fruit Fresh berries used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Seeds chewed for pleasure. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Klamath Food, Winter Use Food Dried berries stored for winter use. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 97 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Montana Indian Food, Bread & Cake Fruits sun dried, pounded, formed into patties and stored for winter use. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 9 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Montana Indian Food, Winter Use Food Large quantities of berries gathered and dried for winter use. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 6 |
| Amelanchier alnifolia (Nutt.) Nutt. ex M. Roemer Saskatoon Serviceberry USDA AMALA |
Thompson Food, Pie & Pudding Dried berries and many other ingredients used to make a special pudding. The dried berries with bitterroot, flour, butter, cream, sugar and sometimes tiger lily bulbs, avalanche lily corms, deer fat, black tree lichen and salmon eggs were used to make a special pudding. Turner, Nancy J., Laurence C. Thompson and M. Terry Thompson et al., 1990, Thompson Ethnobotany: Knowledge and Usage of Plants by the Thompson Indians of British Columbia, Victoria. Royal British Columbia Museum, page 253 |
| Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. Canadian Serviceberry USDA AMCA4 |
Iroquois Food, Dried Food Raw or cooked fruit sun or fire dried and stored for future use. Waugh, F. W., 1916, Iroquis Foods and Food Preparation, Ottawa. Canada Department of Mines, page 128 |
| Amelanchier laevis Wieg. Allegheny Serviceberry USDA AMLA |
Ojibwa Food, Dried Food Berries used for food and dried for winter use, the Indians preferred them to blueberries. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 408 |
| Amelanchier pallida Greene Pale Serviceberry USDA AMPA2 |
Hopi Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Used to make bows and arrows. Whiting, Alfred F., 1939, Ethnobotany of the Hopi, Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin #15, page 79 |
| Amelanchier sp. |
Algonquin, Quebec Food, Fruit Fruit used for food. Black, Meredith Jean, 1980, Algonquin Ethnobotany: An Interpretation of Aboriginal Adaptation in South Western Quebec, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series Number 65, page 90 |
| Amelanchier sp. |
Thompson Food, Preserves Berries collected in large quantities and cured. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 237 |
| Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Valley Redstem USDA AMCO |
Mohave Food, Unspecified Seeds gathered and prepared as food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187 |
| Ammannia coccinea Rottb. Valley Redstem USDA AMCO |
Yuma Food, Unspecified Seeds gathered and prepared as food. Castetter, Edward F. and Willis H. Bell, 1951, Yuman Indian Agriculture, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, page 187 |
| Amorpha canescens Pursh Leadplant USDA AMCA6 |
Omaha Drug, Dermatological Aid Powdered, dried leaves blown into cuts and open wounds. Gilmore, Melvin R., 1913, A Study in the Ethnobotany of the Omaha Indians, Nebraska State Historical Society Collections 17:314-57., page 334 |
| Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. American Hogpeanut USDA AMBRB |
Meskwaki Food, Unspecified Nuts gathered and stored in heaps by the mice, taken by the Meskwaki and used. Smith, Huron H., 1928, Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 4:175-326, page 259 |
| Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. American Hogpeanut USDA AMBRB |
Ojibwa Food, Unspecified Roots cooked, although really too small to be considered of much importance. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 405 |
| Amphicarpaea bracteata (L.) Fern. American Hogpeanut USDA AMBRB |
Omaha Food, Winter Use Food Roots gathered from the storehouses of field mice and stored in skin bags during the winter. Fletcher, Alice C. and Francis La Flesche, 1911, The Omaha Tribe, SI-BAE Annual Report #27, page 341 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cheyenne Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Powdered flowers chewed and rubbed on body to protect and strengthen warrior. Grinnell, George Bird, 1905, Some Cheyenne Plant Medicines, American Anthropologist 7:37-43, page 42 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cheyenne Drug, Veterinary Aid Powdered flowers put on each hoof & blown between the ears for long windedness, spirit & endurance. Johnston, Alex, 1987, Plants and the Blackfoot, Lethbridge, Alberta. Lethbridge Historical Society, page 56 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cheyenne Drug, Veterinary Aid Powdered flowers used on the sole of each horse hoof to make it enduring and untiring. Grinnell, George Bird, 1972, The Cheyenne Indians - Their History and Ways of Life Vol.2, Lincoln. University of Nebraska Press, page 187 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Cheyenne Other, Ceremonial Items Leaves burned as incense and used to purify gifts offered to the sun or the spirits. Hart, Jeffrey A., 1981, The Ethnobotany of the Northern Cheyenne Indians of Montana, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4:1-55, page 18 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Ojibwa Drug, Stimulant Powdered flowers sprinkled on coals and smoke inhaled to revive stroke victim. Smith, Huron H., 1932, Ethnobotany of the Ojibwe Indians, Bulletin of the Public Museum of Milwaukee 4:327-525, page 362363 |
| Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. Western Pearlyeverlasting USDA ANMA |
Okanagan-Colville Other, Incense & Fragrance Leaves, stems and flowers placed in baby cradles, pillows or stored clothes for the good smell. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 75 |
| Andropogon virginicus L. Broomsedge Bluestem USDA ANVIV |
Cherokee Drug, Ceremonial Medicine Used as an ingredient in green corn medicine. Hamel, Paul B. and Mary U. Chiltoskey, 1975, Cherokee Plants and Their Uses -- A 400 Year History, Sylva, N.C. Herald Publishing Co., page 27 |
| Anemone narcissiflora L. Narcissus Anemone USDA ANNAM2 |
Eskimo, Alaska Food, Unspecified Leaves prepared in oil together with other salad greens and beaten to a creamy consistency. Anderson, J. P., 1939, Plants Used by the Eskimo of the Northern Bering Sea and Arctic Regions of Alaska, American Journal of Botany 26:714-16, page 715 |
| Anemone sp. Buttercup |
Ojibwa, South Drug, Analgesic Snuff of powdered, dry leaves used as an errhine for headache. Hoffman, W.J., 1891, The Midewiwin or 'Grand Medicine Society' of the Ojibwa, SI-BAE Annual Report #7, page 200 |
| Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn. Yerba Mansa USDA ANCA10 |
Costanoan Drug, Dermatological Aid Dried, powdered plant applied as a disinfectant to wounds. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 8 |
| Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn. Yerba Mansa USDA ANCA10 |
Costanoan Drug, Disinfectant Dried, powdered plant applied as a disinfectant to wounds. Bocek, Barbara R., 1984, Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington, Economic Botany 38(2):240-255, page 8 |
| Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn. Yerba Mansa USDA ANCA10 |
Mahuna Drug, Dermatological Aid Powdered plants used as a disinfectant for knife wounds. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 15 |
| Anemopsis californica (Nutt.) Hook. & Arn. Yerba Mansa USDA ANCA10 |
Mahuna Drug, Disinfectant Powdered plants used as a disinfectant for knife wounds. Romero, John Bruno, 1954, The Botanical Lore of the California Indians, New York. Vantage Press, Inc., page 15 |