| Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon Ash USDA FRLA |
Mendocino Indian Other, Tools Wood used to make handles and small tools. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378 |
| Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon Ash USDA FRLA |
Mendocino Indian Other, Walking Sticks Wood used to make canes. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378 |
| Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon Ash USDA FRLA |
Yokia Drug, Dermatological Aid Mashed roots used for wounds. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378 |
| Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon Ash USDA FRLA |
Yuki Other, Fuel Used for fuel. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378 |
| Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon Ash USDA FRLA |
Yuki Other, Smoking Tools Used to make tobacco pipes. Chestnut, V. K., 1902, Plants Used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California, Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 7:295-408., page 378 |
| Fraxinus latifolia Benth. Oregon Ash USDA FRLA |
Yuki Other, Smoking Tools Wood used to make straight pipes. Curtin, L. S. M., 1957, Some Plants Used by the Yuki Indians ... II. Food Plants, The Masterkey 31:85-94, page 93 |
| Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng. Yellow Missionbells USDA FRPU2 |
Paiute Food, Unspecified Bulb gathered, boiled and eaten. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 57 |
| Geranium oreganum T.J. Howell Oregon Geranium USDA GEOR2 |
Miwok Drug, Antirheumatic (External) Decoction of root rubbed on aching joints. Barrett, S. A. and E. W. Gifford, 1933, Miwok Material Culture, Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee 2(4):11, page 170 |
| Geranium oreganum T.J. Howell Oregon Geranium USDA GEOR2 |
Montana Indian Drug, Antidiarrheal Root used for diarrhea. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12 |
| Geranium oreganum T.J. Howell Oregon Geranium USDA GEOR2 |
Montana Indian Drug, Dermatological Aid Root used as an astringent. Blankinship, J. W., 1905, Native Economic Plants of Montana, Bozeman. Montana Agricultural College Experimental Station, Bulletin 56, page 12 |
| Geranium oreganum T.J. Howell Oregon Geranium USDA GEOR2 |
Salish Drug, Oral Aid Leaf held between lips for sore lips. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 293 |
| Geum triflorum var. ciliatum (Pursh) Fassett Old Man's Whiskers USDA GETRC2 |
Paiute Drug, Veterinary Aid Decoction of roots given to stimulate tired horses. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 81 |
| Glyceria fluitans (L.) R. Br. Water Mannagrass USDA GLFL2 |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Seeds used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 91 |
| Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower USDA HEAN3 |
Paiute Food, Porridge Roasted, ground seeds made into flour and used to make mush. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 117 |
| Helianthus annuus L. Common Sunflower USDA HEAN3 |
Paiute Food, Winter Use Food Roasted, ground seeds made into flour and stored for winter use. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 117 |
| Helianthus cusickii Gray Cusick's Sunflower USDA HECU2 |
Paiute Drug, Heart Medicine Infusion of roots taken for heart troubles. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 116 |
| Helianthus cusickii Gray Cusick's Sunflower USDA HECU2 |
Paiute Drug, Tuberculosis Remedy Infusion of roots taken for tuberculosis. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 116 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Klamath Drug, Unspecified Roots used medicinally for unspecified purpose. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
| Heracleum maximum Bartr. Common Cowparsnip USDA HEMA80 |
Klamath Food, Unspecified Young shoots used for food. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 102 |
| Heuchera cylindrica Dougl. ex Hook. Roundleaf Alumroot USDA HECYC |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of roots and Oregon grape roots used as a tonic for the 'changing of the blood.' Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 138 |
| Hypericum scouleri Hook. Scouler's St. Johnswort USDA HYSCS2 |
Paiute Drug, Dermatological Aid Flowers used for perfume. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 90 |
| Ipomopsis aggregata ssp. aggregata Skyrocket Gilia USDA IPAGA3 |
Klamath Food, Snack Food Nectar sucked from flowers by children. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 103 |
| Iris missouriensis Nutt. Rocky Mountain Iris USDA IRMI |
Klamath Drug, Emetic Dried rootstocks used by medicine men as smoking material to cause nausea. Dried rootstocks are sometimes used by medicine men as a smoking material, mixed with poison camas and a little tobacco, to give a person a severe nausea, in order to secure a heavy fee for making him well again. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 93 |
| Juncus balticus Willd. Baltic Rush USDA JUARA |
Klamath Fiber, Basketry Stems used in the weaving of baskets. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92 |
| Juncus balticus Willd. Baltic Rush USDA JUARA |
Klamath Fiber, Mats, Rugs & Bedding Stems used in the weaving of mats. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 92 |
| Juncus ensifolius Wikstr. Swordleaf Rush USDA JUEN |
Paiute Food, Fodder Rushes used as food for livestock. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 53 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Klamath Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Used for bows. Coville, Frederick V., 1897, Notes On The Plants Used By The Klamath Indians Of Oregon., Contributions from the U.S. National Herbarium 5(2):87-110, page 88 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Drug, Cold Remedy Infusion of leaves taken as a cold medicine. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Drug, Misc. Disease Remedy Bed of hot coals and branches used for malaria and other diseases. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Drug, Pulmonary Aid Bed of hot coals and branches used for pneumonia. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Drug, Veterinary Aid Boughs placed in a pan of coals and fumes inhaled by horses that have eaten poison camas. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Fiber, Building Material Used as a material for housing. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Fiber, Clothing Bark rolled into rope, coiled and sewn with sinew to form sandal soles. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Fiber, Clothing Bark rubbed between hands until soft and fibers woven into clothing. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Food, Fruit Berries and roasted, mashed deer liver combination used for food. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Food, Winter Use Food Berries stored without drying in a grass-lined hole in the ground for winter use. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Other, Fuel Bark mixed with dirt to use as tinder. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Other, Fuel Wood was one of the principal sources of fuel and material. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Other, Hunting & Fishing Item Wood and sinew strips used to make laminated bows. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Other, Lighting Bark wound around a stick & used as a torch to provide light and carry a fire to a new campsite. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Other, Musical Instrument Wood strips used for drum frames. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Other, Tools Wood hearth board used as a base for a fire drill. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Western Juniper USDA JUOCO |
Paiute Other, Toys & Games Leaves stuffed into buckskin and used as a ball in a game like lacrosse or hockey. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 47 |
| Larix occidentalis Nutt. Western Larch USDA LAOC |
Okanagan-Colville Drug, Blood Medicine Decoction of plant tops and Oregon grapes used as a blood purifier. Turner, Nancy J., R. Bouchard and Dorothy I.D. Kennedy, 1980, Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Columbia and Washington, Victoria. British Columbia Provincial Museum, page 25 |
| Larix occidentalis Nutt. Western Larch USDA LAOC |
Paiute Food, Candy Syrup or 'dark sugar' gathered as a confection. Mahar, James Michael., 1953, Ethnobotany of the Oregon Paiutes of the Warm Springs Indian Reservation, Reed College, B.A. Thesis, page 43 |
| Lewisia rediviva Pursh Oregon Bitterroot USDA LERER |
Blackfoot Drug, Throat Aid Pounded, dry root chewed for sore throat. Murphey, Edith Van Allen, 1990, Indian Uses of Native Plants, Glenwood, Ill. Meyerbooks. Originally published in 1959, page 38 |
| Lewisia rediviva Pursh Oregon Bitterroot USDA LERER |
Blackfoot Food, Unspecified Plant boiled and eaten. McClintock, Walter, 1909, Medizinal- Und Nutzpflanzen Der Schwarzfuss Indianer, Zeitschriff fur Ethnologie 41:273-9, page 278 |
| Lewisia rediviva Pursh Oregon Bitterroot USDA LERER |
Coeur d'Alene Food, Vegetable Roots used as a principle vegetable food. Teit, James A., 1928, The Salishan Tribes of the Western Plateaus, SI-BAE Annual Report #45, page 88 |
| Lewisia rediviva Pursh Oregon Bitterroot USDA LERER |
Flathead Drug, Breast Treatment Roots eaten for increased milk flow after childbirth. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 46 |
| Lewisia rediviva Pursh Oregon Bitterroot USDA LERER |
Flathead Drug, Gynecological Aid Infusion of roots taken for increased milk flow after childbirth. Hart, Jeff, 1992, Montana Native Plants and Early Peoples, Helena. Montana Historical Society Press, page 46 |